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1281. The Planning Commission of India was replaced by NITI Aayog in:

  1. A. 2015
  2. B. 2010
  3. C. 2017
  4. D. 2014
Answer: 2015
Explanation: NITI Aayog was formed on 1 January 2015 following the announcement on 15 August 2014.

1282. Which discontinuity separates the mantle from the outer core?

  1. A. Mohorovicic discontinuity
  2. B. Lehmann discontinuity
  3. C. Gutenberg discontinuity
  4. D. Conrad discontinuity
Answer: Gutenberg discontinuity
Explanation: Gutenberg lies at about 2,900 km; Lehmann separates outer and inner core.

1283. Which layer of the Earth lies between the crust and the core?

  1. A. Asthenosphere only
  2. B. Mohorovicic discontinuity
  3. C. Mantle
  4. D. Lithosphere
Answer: Mantle
Explanation: The mantle extends to about 2,900 km depth.

1284. Which layer of the atmosphere contains the ozone layer?

  1. A. Troposphere
  2. B. Thermosphere
  3. C. Stratosphere
  4. D. Mesosphere
Answer: Stratosphere
Explanation: Ozone concentrates at 15-35 km in the stratosphere.

1285. The Great Rift Valley of Africa is an example of:

  1. A. Hotspot
  2. B. Transform boundary
  3. C. Divergent plate boundary
  4. D. Convergent boundary
Answer: Divergent plate boundary
Explanation: The African plate is splitting along the East African Rift.

1286. Which is the smallest continent by area?

  1. A. Europe
  2. B. South America
  3. C. Australia (Oceania)
  4. D. Antarctica
Answer: Australia (Oceania)
Explanation: Australia is the smallest continent at about 7.7 million sq km.
1287. The Great Barrier Reef lies off the coast of which Australian state?
  1. A. Western Australia
  2. B. Victoria
  3. C. Queensland
  4. D. New South Wales
Answer: Queensland
Explanation: It extends over 2,300 km in the Coral Sea.

1288. Mount Fuji, a stratovolcano, is located on the island of:

  1. A. Kyushu
  2. B. Shikoku
  3. C. Hokkaido
  4. D. Honshu
Answer: Honshu
Explanation: Fuji (3,776 m) is Japan's highest mountain.
1289. The 'Ring of Fire' is the zone of intense volcanic and seismic activity around the:
  1. A. Pacific Ocean
  2. B. Indian Ocean
  3. C. Arctic Ocean
  4. D. Atlantic Ocean
Answer: Pacific Ocean
Explanation: About 75% of the world's volcanoes lie along it.

1290. The Tropic of Capricorn passes through which of these countries?

  1. A. Mexico
  2. B. Chile
  3. C. Saudi Arabia
  4. D. Egypt
Answer: Chile
Explanation: The Tropic of Capricorn passes through Namibia, Botswana, South Africa, Madagascar, Australia, Chile, Argentina, Paraguay and Brazil.
1291. The International Date Line approximately follows which meridian?
  1. A. 0°
  2. B. 180°
  3. C. 90°E
  4. D. 90°W
Answer: 180°
Explanation: It zigzags to avoid splitting countries such as Fiji and Kiribati.

1292. The Prime Meridian passes through which observatory?

  1. A. Royal Observatory, Greenwich
  2. B. Paris Observatory
  3. C. Lick Observatory
  4. D. Mauna Kea
Answer: Royal Observatory, Greenwich
Explanation: 0° longitude passes through Greenwich, London.
1293. Which country has the largest number of time zones including overseas territories?
  1. A. United Kingdom
  2. B. France
  3. C. United States
  4. D. Russia
Answer: France
Explanation: France has 12 time zones counting overseas territories; Russia has 11 on its mainland.

1294. Which is the longest river in Europe?

  1. A. Rhine
  2. B. Volga
  3. C. Dnieper
  4. D. Danube
Answer: Volga
Explanation: The Volga (about 3,530 km) flows into the Caspian Sea.

1295. The Atacama Desert, one of the driest places on Earth, is in:

  1. A. Argentina
  2. B. Mexico
  3. C. Australia
  4. D. Chile
Answer: Chile
Explanation: Atacama lies along Chile's Pacific coast in the rain shadow of the Andes.
1296. The Panama Canal connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and was opened in:
  1. A. 1869
  2. B. 1914
  3. C. 1900
  4. D. 1936
Answer: 1914
Explanation: It was opened in August 1914 by the United States.

1297. Which two continents are separated by the Bosphorus?

  1. A. Europe and Africa
  2. B. Asia and Australia
  3. C. Asia and Africa
  4. D. Europe and Asia
Answer: Europe and Asia
Explanation: The Bosphorus splits Istanbul into European and Asian sides.

1298. The Strait of Hormuz links the Persian Gulf with:

  1. A. Gulf of Oman
  2. B. Mediterranean Sea
  3. C. Arabian Sea directly via Suez
  4. D. Red Sea
Answer: Gulf of Oman
Explanation: It lies between Oman and Iran and is crucial for oil shipping.
1299. Which is the deepest point of the world's oceans, located in the Mariana Trench?
  1. A. Challenger Deep
  2. B. Java Trench
  3. C. Sunda Trench
  4. D. Puerto Rico Trench
Answer: Challenger Deep
Explanation: Challenger Deep is about 10,900-11,000 m deep in the western Pacific.

1300. Which National Highway is the longest in India?

  1. A. NH 27
  2. B. NH 48
  3. C. NH 44
  4. D. NH 19
Answer: NH 44
Explanation: NH 44 runs from Srinagar to Kanyakumari (about 3,745 km).

1301. Bhilai Steel Plant was established with the cooperation of:

  1. A. United Kingdom
  2. B. United States
  3. C. Germany
  4. D. Soviet Union
Answer: Soviet Union
Explanation: Bhilai (Chhattisgarh) was built with Soviet help; Rourkela with Germany, Durgapur with the UK.

1302. Which city is called the 'Manchester of South India'?

  1. A. Chennai
  2. B. Bengaluru
  3. C. Coimbatore
  4. D. Madurai
Answer: Coimbatore
Explanation: Coimbatore is a major cotton textile hub.

1303. Khetri mines in Rajasthan are famous for:

  1. A. Zinc
  2. B. Lead
  3. C. Mica
  4. D. Copper
Answer: Copper
Explanation: Khetri-Singhana belt is a major Indian copper source.

1304. Kolar and Hutti are known for which mineral?

  1. A. Manganese
  2. B. Gold
  3. C. Iron ore
  4. D. Copper
Answer: Gold
Explanation: Karnataka's Kolar Gold Fields (closed 2001) and Hutti are gold-mining centres.
1305. Which mineral is known as 'Black Gold' (as well as the main fuel of thermal plants)?
  1. A. Manganese
  2. B. Bauxite
  3. C. Coal
  4. D. Mica
Answer: Coal
Explanation: Coal is called black gold; Jharkhand, Odisha and Chhattisgarh are leading producers.

1306. Zaid crops are grown during:

  1. A. July to October
  2. B. November to February
  3. C. Throughout the year
  4. D. March to June between rabi and kharif
Answer: March to June between rabi and kharif
Explanation: Watermelon, muskmelon and cucumber are common zaid crops.

1307. Kharif crops in India are sown during:

  1. A. October-November
  2. B. March-April
  3. C. June-July with the onset of monsoon
  4. D. January-February
Answer: June-July with the onset of monsoon
Explanation: Kharif crops (rice, maize, bajra, cotton) are harvested in September-October.

1308. Which State leads in production of jute in India?

  1. A. Odisha
  2. B. Bihar
  3. C. Assam
  4. D. West Bengal
Answer: West Bengal
Explanation: West Bengal produces about three-fourths of India's jute.

1309. Darjeeling tea is grown on hill slopes of which State?

  1. A. Sikkim
  2. B. West Bengal
  3. C. Himachal Pradesh
  4. D. Assam
Answer: West Bengal
Explanation: Darjeeling tea received India's first GI tag in 2004-05.

1310. Which Indian State is the largest producer of coffee?

  1. A. Karnataka
  2. B. Kerala
  3. C. Tamil Nadu
  4. D. Andhra Pradesh
Answer: Karnataka
Explanation: Karnataka, especially Kodagu (Coorg), produces about 70% of India's coffee.

1311. The Deccan Trap is composed chiefly of:

  1. A. Basalt
  2. B. Granite
  3. C. Limestone
  4. D. Sandstone
Answer: Basalt
Explanation: Cretaceous-Eocene fissure eruptions created basaltic lava plateaus, yielding black soil.

1312. Which State has the longest coastline in India?

  1. A. Tamil Nadu
  2. B. Andhra Pradesh
  3. C. Maharashtra
  4. D. Gujarat
Answer: Gujarat
Explanation: Gujarat has about 1,600 km of mainland coast, the longest.
1313. Mawsynram in Meghalaya receives very heavy rainfall mainly because of its position on the:
  1. A. Windward side of the Khasi Hills funnel
  2. B. Leeward side of Garo Hills
  3. C. Coastal plain
  4. D. Rain shadow of Himalaya
Answer: Windward side of the Khasi Hills funnel
Explanation: The funnel-shaped Khasi Hills trap the Bay of Bengal monsoon branch.

1314. The 'Loo' is a:

  1. A. Retreating monsoon rain
  2. B. Western disturbance
  3. C. Hot dry wind of the northern plains in summer
  4. D. Cold wave
Answer: Hot dry wind of the northern plains in summer
Explanation: Loo blows in the afternoons of May-June across the north and north-west.

1315. Which is the highest peak entirely within India?

  1. A. Kamet
  2. B. Nanda Devi
  3. C. Kanchenjunga
  4. D. K2
Answer: Nanda Devi
Explanation: Nanda Devi (7,816 m) is the highest peak fully within India; Kanchenjunga lies on the Sikkim-Nepal border.
1316. Nathu La pass lies on the border of India with China in which State?
  1. A. Himachal Pradesh
  2. B. Uttarakhand
  3. C. Arunachal Pradesh
  4. D. Sikkim
Answer: Sikkim
Explanation: Nathu La connects Sikkim with Tibet; it is a Kailash Mansarovar Yatra route.
1317. The Sundarbans delta is formed by the confluence of which rivers?
  1. A. Ganga and Brahmaputra
  2. B. Mahanadi and Brahmani
  3. C. Brahmaputra and Teesta
  4. D. Ganga and Yamuna
Answer: Ganga and Brahmaputra
Explanation: It is the world's largest delta, shared by India and Bangladesh.
1318. The Narmada and Tapi rivers flow westward into the Arabian Sea through:
  1. A. Rift valleys
  2. B. Antecedent gorges
  3. C. Delta distributaries
  4. D. Hanging valleys
Answer: Rift valleys
Explanation: They flow in rift valleys and form estuaries, not deltas.

1319. Which is the longest river in Peninsular India?

  1. A. Krishna
  2. B. Narmada
  3. C. Godavari
  4. D. Mahanadi
Answer: Godavari
Explanation: The Godavari (about 1,465 km) is the longest peninsular river, called 'Dakshin Ganga'.

1320. The Right to Information Act was passed in:

  1. A. 2010
  2. B. 2005
  3. C. 2000
  4. D. 2008
Answer: 2005
Explanation: It came into full force on 12 October 2005.

1321. The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act was enacted in:

  1. A. 2011
  2. B. 2016
  3. C. 2005
  4. D. 2013
Answer: 2013
Explanation: It received assent on 1 January 2014; the Lokpal was first operationalised in 2019 with Justice P. C. Ghose.
1322. Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978) is notable for linking Articles:
  1. A. 32, 226 and 227
  2. B. 14, 19 and 21
  3. C. 19, 20 and 22
  4. D. 14, 15 and 16
Answer: 14, 19 and 21
Explanation: The 'golden triangle' requires that procedure under Article 21 be fair, just and reasonable.
1323. In K. S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017), a 9-judge bench held that:
  1. A. Aadhaar is unconstitutional
  2. B. Death penalty is banned
  3. C. Right to privacy is a fundamental right under Article 21
  4. D. Right to property is fundamental
Answer: Right to privacy is a fundamental right under Article 21
Explanation: The unanimous judgment overruled M. P. Sharma and Kharak Singh to the extent inconsistent.
1324. Indra Sawhney v. Union of India (1992) upheld OBC reservation and capped total reservation at:
  1. A. 40%
  2. B. 60%
  3. C. 50%
  4. D. 33%
Answer: 50%
Explanation: The 9-judge bench set the 50% ceiling and excluded the creamy layer.

1325. S. R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994) is associated with:

  1. A. Reservation ceiling
  2. B. Basic structure of the Constitution
  3. C. Judicial review of President's Rule
  4. D. Right to privacy
Answer: Judicial review of President's Rule
Explanation: The Court held that a proclamation under Article 356 is subject to judicial review and secularism is part of the basic structure.

1326. Article 356 relates to:

  1. A. Financial Emergency
  2. B. National Emergency
  3. C. Governor's ordinance power
  4. D. Failure of constitutional machinery in a State
Answer: Failure of constitutional machinery in a State
Explanation: President's Rule must be approved by Parliament within two months; maximum duration is three years with conditions.
1327. Which Article authorises Parliament to make laws on State List subjects in the national interest if Rajya Sabha passes a resolution by two-thirds?
  1. A. Article 253
  2. B. Article 250
  3. C. Article 252
  4. D. Article 249
Answer: Article 249
Explanation: Article 249: the resolution remains in force for up to one year, extendable by one year at a time.

1328. Article 262 of the Constitution deals with:

  1. A. Inter-State trade
  2. B. Official language
  3. C. Finance Commission
  4. D. Adjudication of inter-State river water disputes
Answer: Adjudication of inter-State river water disputes
Explanation: Article 262 empowers Parliament to provide for adjudication of inter-State river disputes; the River Boards Act 1956 and ISRWD Act 1956 followed.

1329. The Chairman of the 15th Finance Commission was:

  1. A. N. K. Singh
  2. B. Vijay Kelkar
  3. C. C. Rangarajan
  4. D. Y. V. Reddy
Answer: N. K. Singh
Explanation: N. K. Singh headed the 15th FC (2020-21 to 2025-26); Arvind Panagariya heads the 16th.
1330. The Finance Commission is constituted under which Article, every five years?
  1. A. Article 270
  2. B. Article 282
  3. C. Article 275
  4. D. Article 280
Answer: Article 280
Explanation: Article 280 provides for the Finance Commission to recommend tax devolution between Union and States.
1331. Reservation for women in Panchayats is provided for not less than what fraction of seats under Article 243D?
  1. A. One-fifth
  2. B. One-third
  3. C. One-fourth
  4. D. One-half
Answer: One-third
Explanation: Not less than one-third seats, including SC/ST women quotas, are reserved for women.
1332. Which provision defines the Gram Sabha in Part IX of the Constitution?
  1. A. Article 243(b)
  2. B. Article 243A
  3. C. Article 40
  4. D. Article 243C
Answer: Article 243(b)
Explanation: Article 243(b) defines Gram Sabha as a body of persons registered in the electoral rolls of a village.
1333. The Panchayati Raj system was first launched on 2 October 1959 in which district?
  1. A. Jaipur, Rajasthan
  2. B. Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh
  3. C. Nagaur, Rajasthan
  4. D. Ahmedabad, Gujarat
Answer: Nagaur, Rajasthan
Explanation: Jawaharlal Nehru inaugurated it at Nagaur on the Balwant Rai Mehta Committee's three-tier model.

1334. The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act came into force on:

  1. A. 24 April 1993
  2. B. 2 October 1992
  3. C. 1 June 1993
  4. D. 26 January 1993
Answer: 24 April 1993
Explanation: It inserted Part IX (Articles 243-243O); 24 April is observed as National Panchayati Raj Day.

1335. The Twelfth Schedule lists the functions of:

  1. A. Panchayats
  2. B. Cooperative societies
  3. C. Municipalities
  4. D. Autonomous Districts
Answer: Municipalities
Explanation: The 74th Amendment added the Twelfth Schedule with 18 functional items for municipalities.
1336. In the I.R. Coelho case (2007), the Supreme Court held that laws placed in the Ninth Schedule after 24 April 1973:
  1. A. Are void
  2. B. Are immune from review
  3. C. Need a referendum
  4. D. Are open to judicial review on the basis of the basic structure
Answer: Are open to judicial review on the basis of the basic structure
Explanation: A 9-judge bench held that Ninth Schedule laws violating fundamental rights that form the basic structure can be struck down.

1337. The Ninth Schedule was added to the Constitution by the:

  1. A. First Amendment, 1951
  2. B. Forty-second Amendment
  3. C. Fourth Amendment
  4. D. Twenty-fourth Amendment
Answer: First Amendment, 1951
Explanation: The First Amendment inserted Articles 31A, 31B and the Ninth Schedule to protect land reform laws.

1338. The Fifth Schedule relates to the administration and control of:

  1. A. Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes (outside the four northeastern states)
  2. B. Anti-defection
  3. C. Languages
  4. D. Land reforms
Answer: Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes (outside the four northeastern states)
Explanation: Fifth Schedule: Scheduled Areas and Tribes in States other than Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram.
1339. Which Schedule of the Constitution deals with the administration of Tribal Areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram?
  1. A. Fifth Schedule
  2. B. Ninth Schedule
  3. C. Seventh Schedule
  4. D. Sixth Schedule
Answer: Sixth Schedule
Explanation: The Sixth Schedule (Articles 244(2) and 275(1)) provides for Autonomous District Councils.

1340. Article 142 empowers the Supreme Court to:

  1. A. Amend the Constitution
  2. B. Transfer High Court judges
  3. C. Impeach the President
  4. D. Pass any decree necessary for doing complete justice
Answer: Pass any decree necessary for doing complete justice
Explanation: Article 142 enables orders necessary 'to do complete justice' in any matter before the Court.

1341. Advisory jurisdiction of the Supreme Court is described in:

  1. A. Article 144
  2. B. Article 143
  3. C. Article 142
  4. D. Article 141
Answer: Article 143
Explanation: Under Article 143 the President may refer questions of law or fact for the Court's opinion.
1342. Original and exclusive jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in disputes between the Centre and States falls under:
  1. A. Article 131
  2. B. Article 136
  3. C. Article 143
  4. D. Article 138
Answer: Article 131
Explanation: Article 131 grants original, exclusive jurisdiction in disputes between the Union and States or among States.
1343. The Comptroller and Auditor General's reports on Union accounts are submitted to:
  1. A. The Prime Minister
  2. B. The Speaker
  3. C. The Finance Minister
  4. D. The President
Answer: The President
Explanation: Article 151: the reports go to the President, who lays them before Parliament.
1344. Under Article 75(1A), the total number of Ministers including the Prime Minister cannot exceed what percentage of the Lok Sabha's strength?
  1. A. 25%
  2. B. 20%
  3. C. 15%
  4. D. 10%
Answer: 15%
Explanation: The 91st Amendment (2003) capped the Council of Ministers at 15% of the House; the minimum in a State is 12.
1345. Which Article lists the conditions for the President's qualification, such as being 35 years of age?
  1. A. Article 60
  2. B. Article 54
  3. C. Article 56
  4. D. Article 58
Answer: Article 58
Explanation: Article 58: citizen of India, 35 years old, qualified for Lok Sabha membership, holding no office of profit.
1346. The President can return an ordinary Bill for reconsideration, but Parliament can pass it again, and the President:
  1. A. Must give assent
  2. B. May hold it indefinitely
  3. C. May return again
  4. D. May veto absolutely
Answer: Must give assent
Explanation: Under Article 111, the President must assent when a returned Bill is passed again.
1347. The Directive Principle directing the State to separate the judiciary from the executive is in:
  1. A. Article 51
  2. B. Article 50
  3. C. Article 44
  4. D. Article 48
Answer: Article 50
Explanation: Article 50 directs separation of judiciary from executive in public services of the State.

1348. Article 51A (Fundamental Duties) was inserted by the:

  1. A. 86th Amendment
  2. B. 73rd Amendment
  3. C. 44th Amendment
  4. D. 42nd Amendment
Answer: 42nd Amendment
Explanation: The 42nd Amendment (1976) added ten duties on the Swaran Singh Committee's recommendation; the 86th added the eleventh.
1349. Which Article empowers the Supreme Court to issue writs for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights?
  1. A. Article 136
  2. B. Article 131
  3. C. Article 226
  4. D. Article 32
Answer: Article 32
Explanation: Article 32 is itself a fundamental right; Dr Ambedkar called it the 'heart and soul' of the Constitution.
1350. An arrested person must be produced before the nearest magistrate within how many hours, excluding travel time, under Article 22(2)?
  1. A. 36
  2. B. 48
  3. C. 24
  4. D. 12
Answer: 24
Explanation: Article 22(2) mandates production within 24 hours of arrest, excluding the journey time.

1351. Protection against double jeopardy is provided under:

  1. A. Article 22(1)
  2. B. Article 20(1)
  3. C. Article 20(2)
  4. D. Article 21
Answer: Article 20(2)
Explanation: Article 20(2): no person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offence more than once.
1352. Article 14 of the Constitution guarantees equality before law to:
  1. A. Only persons residing in India for 5 years
  2. B. Only citizens
  3. C. Only citizens above 18
  4. D. Any person
Answer: Any person
Explanation: Article 14 uses the word 'any person', covering citizens and foreigners alike.

1353. The 'August Offer' of 1940 was made by:

  1. A. Lord Wavell
  2. B. Lord Linlithgow
  3. C. Lord Irwin
  4. D. Lord Mountbatten
Answer: Lord Linlithgow
Explanation: It promised dominion status after the war and an expanded Executive Council; Congress rejected it.
1354. Subhas Chandra Bose formed the Forward Bloc in 1939 after resigning as Congress president following the:
  1. A. Tripuri Session
  2. B. Lahore Session
  3. C. Faizpur Session
  4. D. Haripura Session
Answer: Tripuri Session
Explanation: Bose defeated Pattabhi Sitaramayya in 1939 but resigned at Tripuri amid differences with Gandhi.
1355. Which Act of 1935 provided for an All-India Federation, though it never materialised?
  1. A. Charter Act 1833
  2. B. Indian Independence Act 1947
  3. C. Government of India Act 1935
  4. D. Government of India Act 1919
Answer: Government of India Act 1935
Explanation: The 1935 Act envisaged a federation, provincial autonomy and a Federal Court; the federation needed princely states' consent.

1356. The Communal Award (1932) was announced by:

  1. A. Lord Linlithgow
  2. B. Winston Churchill
  3. C. Ramsay MacDonald
  4. D. Clement Attlee
Answer: Ramsay MacDonald
Explanation: British PM MacDonald extended separate electorates to the Depressed Classes, prompting Gandhi's fast in Yerwada.

1357. The Gandhi-Irwin Pact of March 1931 resulted in:

  1. A. Cabinet Mission
  2. B. Partition plan
  3. C. Suspension of Civil Disobedience and Congress participation in the Second Round Table Conference
  4. D. Poona Pact
Answer: Suspension of Civil Disobedience and Congress participation in the Second Round Table Conference
Explanation: The Pact released political prisoners not convicted of violence; Gandhi attended the Second RTC in London.
1358. The Lahore Session of the INC (1929) under Jawaharlal Nehru declared the goal of:
  1. A. Federation
  2. B. Purna Swaraj
  3. C. Home Rule
  4. D. Dominion Status
Answer: Purna Swaraj
Explanation: 26 January 1930 was fixed as the first Independence Day, on the Ravi bank.
1359. The Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) was reorganised in 1928 at:
  1. A. Kanpur
  2. B. Feroz Shah Kotla, Delhi
  3. C. Lahore
  4. D. Kakori
Answer: Feroz Shah Kotla, Delhi
Explanation: Chandrashekhar Azad and Bhagat Singh renamed HRA as HSRA in September 1928.

1360. The Swaraj Party in 1923 was formed by:

  1. A. C. R. Das and Motilal Nehru
  2. B. Tilak and Besant
  3. C. Gandhi and Patel
  4. D. Nehru and Bose
Answer: C. R. Das and Motilal Nehru
Explanation: C. R. Das (president) and Motilal Nehru (secretary) formed the Congress-Khilafat Swaraj Party to contest Council elections.

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