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1601. The Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan (1997) judgment laid down guidelines on:
- A. Bonded labour
- B. Custodial death
- C. Child labour
- D. Sexual harassment at the workplace
Answer: Sexual harassment at the workplace
Explanation: Later codified in the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act, 2013.
1602. In Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978), the Court expanded Article 21 by holding that procedure must be:
- A. Swift
- B. Fair, just and reasonable
- C. Prescribed by any law
- D. Approved by Parliament
Answer: Fair, just and reasonable
Explanation: This linked Articles 14, 19 and 21 (the golden triangle).
1603. Article 22 deals with:
- A. Right to life
- B. Protection against arrest and detention
- C. Freedom of religion
- D. Forced labour
Answer: Protection against arrest and detention
Explanation: A person must be produced before a magistrate within 24 hours of arrest.
1604. Article 20(2) provides protection against:
- A. Preventive detention
- B. Ex-post-facto law
- C. Self-incrimination
- D. Double jeopardy
Answer: Double jeopardy
Explanation: Art 20(1) ex-post-facto; 20(3) self-incrimination.
1605. Right to Property was removed from Fundamental Rights by the:
- A. 44th Amendment
- B. 25th Amendment
- C. 24th Amendment
- D. 42nd Amendment
Answer: 44th Amendment
Explanation: 44th Amendment (1978) repealed Art 31 and made it Art 300A, a legal right.
1606. Mandamus cannot be issued against:
- A. A statutory body
- B. A lower court
- C. A public officer
- D. The President and Governors in their personal capacity
Answer: The President and Governors in their personal capacity
Explanation: Art 361 gives them immunity; mandamus also does not lie against private individuals.
1607. Which writ is described as the 'bulwark of personal freedom'?
- A. Mandamus
- B. Certiorari
- C. Habeas Corpus
- D. Prohibition
Answer: Habeas Corpus
Explanation: Habeas corpus means 'you may have the body'.
1608. Citizenship provisions relating to continuance of citizenship rights are in which Article?
- A. Article 5
- B. Article 10
- C. Article 9
- D. Article 11
Answer: Article 11
Explanation: Art 11 empowers Parliament to regulate citizenship; the Citizenship Act 1955 was passed under it.
1609. Which Article provides that 'the Union of India shall consist of the territory of the States, UTs and such other territories as may be acquired'?
- A. Article 5
- B. Article 11
- C. Article 2
- D. Article 1
Answer: Article 1
Explanation: Art 1(3) describes the territory of India; Art 1(1) says India, that is Bharat, is a Union of States.
1610. Which Act (1935) provided for an All-India Federation and provincial autonomy?
- A. Indian Independence Act 1947
- B. Government of India Act 1935
- C. Government of India Act 1919
- D. Indian Councils Act 1892
Answer: Government of India Act 1935
Explanation: It created the Federal Court (1937), RBI structure and Federal Public Service Commission.
1611. The Rowlatt Act of 1919 provided for:
- A. Detention without trial for up to two years
- B. Right to strike
- C. Abolition of dyarchy
- D. Reservation of seats
Answer: Detention without trial for up to two years
Explanation: Called the 'Black Act': 'No Dalil, No Vakil, No Appeal'.
1612. The Komagata Maru incident (1914) concerned:
- A. Indigo planters
- B. Tea garden workers
- C. Indian emigrants denied entry in Vancouver
- D. Salt tax
Answer: Indian emigrants denied entry in Vancouver
Explanation: Gurdit Singh chartered the ship; passengers killed at Budge Budge on return.
1613. The Ghadar Party was founded in 1913 in San Francisco under the leadership of:
- A. Bhagat Singh
- B. Sohan Singh Bhakna
- C. Lala Hardayal
- D. Udham Singh
Answer: Lala Hardayal
Explanation: Sohan Singh Bhakna was its first president and Hardayal the secretary.
1614. The Swadeshi movement tune 'Vande Mataram' first appeared in which novel?
- A. Devi Chaudhurani
- B. Durgeshnandini
- C. Kapalkundala
- D. Anandamath
Answer: Anandamath
Explanation: Bankim Chandra Chatterjee's Anandamath (1882).
1615. Partition of Bengal (1905) was announced by:
- A. Lord Minto
- B. Lord Lansdowne
- C. Lord Hardinge
- D. Lord Curzon
Answer: Lord Curzon
Explanation: It was annulled in 1911 at the Delhi Durbar by George V; the capital shifted to Delhi.
1616. Who formed the Indian National Army's Rani of Jhansi Regiment?
- A. Rash Behari Bose
- B. Subhas Chandra Bose
- C. Mohan Singh
- D. Shah Nawaz Khan
Answer: Subhas Chandra Bose
Explanation: Captain Lakshmi Sahgal commanded it in 1943.
1617. The Kakori conspiracy (1925) was carried out by:
- A. Anushilan Samiti
- B. Indian Independence League
- C. Hindustan Republican Association
- D. Ghadar Party
Answer: Hindustan Republican Association
Explanation: Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqulla Khan, Roshan Singh and Rajendra Lahiri were hanged.
1618. Vaikom Satyagraha (1924-25) was launched to secure:
- A. Women's franchise
- B. Land reform
- C. Temple road access for lower castes
- D. Wage increase
Answer: Temple road access for lower castes
Explanation: Led by T. K. Madhavan, K. P. Kesava Menon; Gandhi supported it.
1619. Satyashodhak Samaj (1873) was founded by:
- A. B. R. Ambedkar
- B. Narayana Guru
- C. E. V. Ramasamy
- D. Jyotiba Phule
Answer: Jyotiba Phule
Explanation: Phule's 'Gulamgiri' attacked caste oppression.
1620. The Theosophical Society moved its international headquarters to Adyar (Madras) in 1882 under:
- A. Swami Vivekananda
- B. Ramakrishna Paramhansa
- C. Annie Besant and Tilak
- D. Madame Blavatsky and Colonel Olcott
Answer: Madame Blavatsky and Colonel Olcott
Explanation: Annie Besant became president in 1907.
1621. Sati was abolished by Regulation XVII of 1829 under which Governor-General?
- A. Lord Hastings
- B. Lord William Bentinck
- C. Lord Auckland
- D. Lord Amherst
Answer: Lord William Bentinck
Explanation: Raja Ram Mohan Roy supported it; Bentinck also suppressed Thuggee.
1622. Which Governor-General introduced the Post Office Act of 1854 and the electric telegraph?
- A. Lord Cornwallis
- B. Lord Curzon
- C. Lord William Bentinck
- D. Lord Dalhousie
Answer: Lord Dalhousie
Explanation: Dalhousie also introduced the Widow Remarriage Act (1856) and Public Works Department.
1623. The Anglo-Sikh War that ended with the annexation of Punjab (1849) was the:
- A. Second
- B. Third
- C. Fourth
- D. First
Answer: Second
Explanation: Dalhousie annexed Punjab after Gujrat/Chillianwala battles.
1624. The Treaty of Amritsar (1809) was signed between Ranjit Singh and:
- A. Charles Metcalfe (East India Company)
- B. Lord Minto
- C. Lord Lake
- D. Lord Wellesley
Answer: Charles Metcalfe (East India Company)
Explanation: It fixed the Sutlej as the boundary of Ranjit Singh's kingdom.
1625. The Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799) ended with the death of:
- A. Krishnaraja Wodeyar
- B. Tipu Sultan
- C. Purnaiya
- D. Haidar Ali
Answer: Tipu Sultan
Explanation: Tipu died defending Seringapatam; the Wodeyars were restored.
1626. Pitt's India Act of 1784 established:
- A. Indian Civil Service
- B. Board of Control
- C. Federal Court
- D. Council of India
Answer: Board of Control
Explanation: A dual system: the Company for commercial affairs, and Board of Control for political affairs.
1627. The Regulating Act of 1773 created the post of:
- A. Secretary of State
- B. Governor-General of Bengal
- C. Viceroy of India
- D. Chief Justice only
Answer: Governor-General of Bengal
Explanation: It also set up the Supreme Court at Calcutta in 1774.
1628. Dual government in Bengal (1765-72) was introduced by:
- A. Robert Clive
- B. Wellesley
- C. Cornwallis
- D. Warren Hastings
Answer: Robert Clive
Explanation: Warren Hastings ended it in 1772.
1629. The Battle of Buxar (1764) was fought against the combined forces of Mir Qasim, Shuja-ud-Daula and:
- A. Shah Alam II
- B. Muhammad Shah
- C. Bahadur Shah I
- D. Farrukhsiyar
Answer: Shah Alam II
Explanation: Hector Munro led the Company; the Treaty of Allahabad (1765) granted the Diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.
1630. The Battle of Plassey (1757) was fought between Robert Clive and Siraj-ud-Daulah, whose general betrayal was crucial. Who was he?
- A. Mir Madan
- B. Mir Jafar
- C. Mir Qasim
- D. Raja Durlabhram
Answer: Mir Jafar
Explanation: Mir Jafar was installed Nawab after Plassey.
1631. Which Mughal emperor was defeated at Chausa in 1539 by Sher Shah?
- A. Babur
- B. Akbar
- C. Humayun
- D. Jahangir
Answer: Humayun
Explanation: Humayun again lost at Kannauj (Bilgram) in 1540.
1632. Rani Durgavati, who fought the Mughals in 1564, ruled which kingdom?
- A. Mewar
- B. Bundela
- C. Ahom
- D. Gondwana (Garha-Katanga)
Answer: Gondwana (Garha-Katanga)
Explanation: Asaf Khan's Mughal army defeated her at Narrai.
1633. Sher Shah Suri's rupee silver coin was called:
- A. Dam
- B. Tanka
- C. Mohur
- D. Rupiya
Answer: Rupiya
Explanation: He also built the Grand Trunk Road from Sonargaon to Peshawar.
1634. The Bahmani Sultanate was founded in 1347 by:
- A. Ahmad Shah
- B. Firoz Shah Bahmani
- C. Mahmud Gawan
- D. Alauddin Hasan Bahman Shah
Answer: Alauddin Hasan Bahman Shah
Explanation: Capital first at Gulbarga, then shifted to Bidar.
1635. The Battle of Talikota (1565) led to the fall of:
- A. Bahmani Sultanate
- B. Vijayanagara Empire
- C. Kakatiya Dynasty
- D. Gajapati Kingdom
Answer: Vijayanagara Empire
Explanation: A coalition of Deccan sultanates defeated Rama Raya.
1636. Which Sultan founded the city of Firozabad and a department of charity 'Diwan-i-Khairat'?
- A. Sikandar Lodi
- B. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq
- C. Muhammad bin Tughlaq
- D. Firoz Shah Tughlaq
Answer: Firoz Shah Tughlaq
Explanation: Firoz also founded Hisar, Jaunpur and Diwan-i-Bandagan.
1637. Which Sultan introduced the Persian rituals Sijda and Paibos at his court?
- A. Iltutmish
- B. Alauddin Khalji
- C. Balban
- D. Firoz Tughlaq
Answer: Balban
Explanation: Balban's theory of kingship held the sultan as 'zill-i-ilahi' (shadow of God).
1638. Which sultan of Delhi was nicknamed 'Lakh Baksh'?
- A. Raziya
- B. Iltutmish
- C. Balban
- D. Qutbuddin Aibak
Answer: Qutbuddin Aibak
Explanation: Aibak's generosity earned him this title; he also started the Qutb Minar.
1639. Which Arab general conquered Sindh in 712 CE?
- A. Mahmud Ghaznavi
- B. Muhammad bin Qasim
- C. Muhammad Ghori
- D. Qutbuddin Aibak
Answer: Muhammad bin Qasim
Explanation: He defeated Raja Dahir; Chachnama records the conquest.
1640. The Tripartite struggle for Kannauj involved:
- A. Yadavas, Hoysalas and Kakatiyas
- B. Guptas, Vakatakas and Kadambas
- C. Palas, Pratiharas and Rashtrakutas
- D. Cholas, Pandyas and Cheras
Answer: Palas, Pratiharas and Rashtrakutas
Explanation: Kannauj was the symbol of imperial power in the 8th-10th centuries.
1641. Which Pala ruler founded the Vikramshila University?
- A. Devapala
- B. Mahipala
- C. Gopala
- D. Dharmapala
Answer: Dharmapala
Explanation: Dharmapala also revived Nalanda and built Somapura Mahavihara (Paharpur) per tradition.
1642. Nalanda University was established under the patronage of which Gupta king?
- A. Samudragupta
- B. Chandragupta II
- C. Kumaragupta I
- D. Skandagupta
Answer: Kumaragupta I
Explanation: Kumaragupta I (Shakraditya) founded Nalanda in the 5th century.
1643. The Bhitari pillar inscription narrates the victory of which Gupta ruler over the Hunas?
- A. Skandagupta
- B. Narasimhagupta
- C. Kumaragupta I
- D. Budhagupta
Answer: Skandagupta
Explanation: Skandagupta also repaired the Sudarshana lake at Girnar.
1644. The Mehrauli Iron Pillar inscription refers to a king named:
- A. Samudragupta
- B. Skandagupta
- C. Harsha
- D. Chandra
Answer: Chandra
Explanation: Usually identified with Chandragupta II.
1645. Which Mahajanapada practised a republican (gana-sangha) form with capital Vaishali?
- A. Kosala
- B. Kuru
- C. Vajji (Licchavi confederacy)
- D. Panchala
Answer: Vajji (Licchavi confederacy)
Explanation: Vajji confederacy was ruled by eight clans, notably Licchavis.
1646. The Fourth Buddhist Council during Kanishka's rule was held at:
- A. Vaishali
- B. Kundalavana, Kashmir
- C. Pataliputra
- D. Rajgriha
Answer: Kundalavana, Kashmir
Explanation: Presided over by Vasumitra with Ashvaghosha as deputy; led to Mahayana codification.
1647. The 'Gold coins in large numbers' in India were first issued by:
- A. Pallavas
- B. Satavahanas
- C. Indo-Greeks and later Kushanas
- D. Mauryas
Answer: Indo-Greeks and later Kushanas
Explanation: Kushanas, notably Kanishka, issued extensive gold coinage.
1648. The Sangam period capital of the Cheras was:
- A. Madurai
- B. Uraiyur
- C. Vanji
- D. Puhar
Answer: Vanji
Explanation: Pandyas: Madurai; Cholas: Uraiyur and Puhar (Kaveripattinam).
1649. Which Mauryan ruler was known as 'Amitraghata' by the Greeks, 'slayer of foes'?
- A. Dasharatha
- B. Ashoka
- C. Chandragupta
- D. Bindusara
Answer: Bindusara
Explanation: Bindusara was called Amitrochates/Amitraghata.
1650. The Mahajanapada of Avanti had its capital at:
- A. Kaushambi
- B. Champa
- C. Ujjain (and Mahishmati)
- D. Shravasti
Answer: Ujjain (and Mahishmati)
Explanation: Northern Avanti had Ujjain as capital and southern had Mahishmati.
1651. Evidence of a ploughed field of Early Harappan phase was found at:
- A. Lothal
- B. Surkotada
- C. Kalibangan
- D. Mohenjo-daro
Answer: Kalibangan
Explanation: Kalibangan (Rajasthan) also has fire altars.
1652. Which Harappan site on the Ghaggar-Hakra belt in Haryana is known for the largest Harappan site in India?
- A. Rakhigarhi
- B. Banawali
- C. Dholavira
- D. Kalibangan
Answer: Rakhigarhi
Explanation: Rakhigarhi (Hisar) is the largest Indian Harappan site; Dholavira in Kutch is noted for its water conservation and stone-built city.
1653. The Sangeet Natak Akademi was established in:
- A. 1947
- B. 1954
- C. 1952
- D. 1961
Answer: 1952
Explanation: Sangeet Natak Akademi was set up in 1952 (inaugurated 28 Jan); Sahitya Akademi in 1954, Lalit Kala Akademi in 1954.
1654. Kalbelia folk songs and dances belong to:
- A. Punjab
- B. Assam
- C. Rajasthan
- D. Gujarat
Answer: Rajasthan
Explanation: The snake-charmer community's dance was inscribed by UNESCO in 2010.
1655. The 'Ramman' festival ritual theatre of Garhwal is on the UNESCO Intangible Heritage list. Which State?
- A. Uttarakhand
- B. Rajasthan
- C. Himachal Pradesh
- D. Kerala
Answer: Uttarakhand
Explanation: Ramman was inscribed in 2009 (Saloor-Dungra village, Chamoli).
1656. Which Schedule of the Constitution lists the official languages recognised by the Constitution?
- A. Sixth Schedule
- B. Ninth Schedule
- C. Seventh Schedule
- D. Eighth Schedule
Answer: Eighth Schedule
Explanation: Originally 14 languages; now 22 after Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, Santhali (92nd Amendment) and others.
1657. Which language was the first to be declared a 'Classical Language' of India in 2004?
- A. Tamil
- B. Kannada
- C. Telugu
- D. Sanskrit
Answer: Tamil
Explanation: Sanskrit followed in 2005; Telugu and Kannada in 2008; Malayalam 2013; Odia 2014.
1658. Pattachitra is a traditional cloth-based scroll painting of:
- A. Tripura
- B. Odisha and West Bengal
- C. Punjab
- D. Kerala
Answer: Odisha and West Bengal
Explanation: The Odisha Pattachitra is associated with Jagannath worship at Puri.
1659. Warli paintings are traditionally from:
- A. Gujarat
- B. Odisha
- C. Bihar
- D. Maharashtra (Thane/Palghar)
Answer: Maharashtra (Thane/Palghar)
Explanation: The Warli tribe uses geometric shapes (circle, triangle, square) on mud walls.
1660. The 'Madhubani' painting tradition belongs to:
- A. Rajasthan
- B. Odisha
- C. Mithila region of Bihar
- D. Maharashtra
Answer: Mithila region of Bihar
Explanation: Mithila paintings received a GI tag.
1661. Ajanta caves' paintings primarily depict:
- A. Jataka stories
- B. Jain Tirthankaras
- C. Ramayana scenes
- D. Mahabharata scenes
Answer: Jataka stories
Explanation: They are Buddhist caves in Aurangabad, Maharashtra, and a UNESCO site.
1662. Which school of art is known for the first human images of the Buddha with Greek influence?
- A. Gandhara
- B. Mathura
- C. Sarnath
- D. Amaravati
Answer: Gandhara
Explanation: Gandhara art flourished under the Kushanas; Mathura art was indigenous.
1663. The Sanchi Stupa was originally commissioned by:
- A. Ashoka
- B. Kanishka
- C. Harshavardhana
- D. Pushyamitra Shunga
Answer: Ashoka
Explanation: Ashoka built the original brick stupa; the Shungas enlarged it, and Satavahana-era toranas were added.
1664. The 'Shore Temple' at Mahabalipuram belongs to which dynasty?
- A. Pandyas
- B. Hoysalas
- C. Pallavas
- D. Cholas
Answer: Pallavas
Explanation: It was built by Narasimhavarman II (Rajasimha).
1665. Kailasa Temple at Ellora was carved out of a single rock under which dynasty?
- A. Chalukyas of Badami
- B. Cholas
- C. Rashtrakutas
- D. Pallavas
Answer: Rashtrakutas
Explanation: Krishna I commissioned it in the 8th century CE.
1666. The Khajuraho temples were built by the:
- A. Rashtrakutas
- B. Chandelas
- C. Pratiharas
- D. Paramaras
Answer: Chandelas
Explanation: Built between c. 950-1050 CE; the Kandariya Mahadeva temple is the largest.
1667. The Konark Sun Temple was built by which king of the Eastern Ganga dynasty?
- A. Anantavarman Chodaganga
- B. Narasimhadeva I
- C. Anangabhima III
- D. Rajaraja I
Answer: Narasimhadeva I
Explanation: Built c. 1250 CE as a chariot of the Sun god; UNESCO site since 1984.
1668. The Gwalior gharana, the oldest school of khayal gayaki, is traditionally traced to which musician?
- A. Nathan Pir Baksh
- B. Baiju Bawra
- C. Tansen
- D. Sadarang
Answer: Nathan Pir Baksh
Explanation: Gwalior gharana, the oldest khayal gharana, was founded by Nathan Pir Baksh.
1669. The 'Navarasas' described in the Natyashastra: which rasa corresponds to 'Karuna'?
- A. Pathos
- B. Valour
- C. Disgust
- D. Wonder
Answer: Pathos
Explanation: Karuna is pathos, Vira is heroism, Bibhatsa is disgust, Adbhuta is wonder.
1670. The 'Natyashastra' is attributed to:
- A. Kalidasa
- B. Bharata Muni
- C. Patanjali
- D. Panini
Answer: Bharata Muni
Explanation: It is the foundational treatise on performing arts, with the rasa theory.
1671. Sattriya dance was accorded classical status by the Sangeet Natak Akademi in:
- A. 1980
- B. 1990
- C. 2010
- D. 2000
Answer: 2000
Explanation: Sattriya of Assam, created by Srimanta Sankardeva, was recognised in 2000.
1672. Which classical dance form originated in Kuchipudi village of Andhra Pradesh and is performed traditionally by Brahmin male actors?
- A. Kathakali
- B. Mohiniyattam
- C. Kuchipudi
- D. Sattriya
Answer: Kuchipudi
Explanation: Kuchipudi evolved from the Yakshagana tradition and was systematised by Siddhendra Yogi.
1673. Which part of the human brain controls balance and coordination of voluntary movements?
- A. Hypothalamus
- B. Cerebellum
- C. Medulla
- D. Cerebrum
Answer: Cerebellum
Explanation: The cerebellum maintains posture and balance.
1674. Which alloy is used for making electric heater coils?
- A. Bronze
- B. Brass
- C. Nichrome
- D. Solder
Answer: Nichrome
Explanation: Nichrome (Ni-Cr-Fe) has high resistivity and a high melting point.
1675. Bleaching powder is produced by passing chlorine over:
- A. Quick lime
- B. Caustic soda
- C. Dry slaked lime
- D. Limestone
Answer: Dry slaked lime
Explanation: Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 gives CaOCl2.
1676. Which gas is mainly responsible for the greenhouse effect on Venus?
- A. Methane
- B. Argon
- C. Carbon dioxide
- D. Nitrogen
Answer: Carbon dioxide
Explanation: Venus's atmosphere is about 96% CO2, making it the hottest planet.
1677. Optical fibres work on the principle of:
- A. Refraction
- B. Polarisation
- C. Total internal reflection
- D. Interference
Answer: Total internal reflection
Explanation: Light travelling in the denser core strikes the cladding beyond the critical angle.
1678. Which mirror is used in solar furnaces?
- A. Cylindrical convex
- B. Convex
- C. Plane
- D. Concave
Answer: Concave
Explanation: A concave mirror concentrates sunlight at its focus.
1679. A body is said to be in stable equilibrium when its centre of gravity:
- A. Is lowest possible and rises on slight tilt
- B. Lies outside the base
- C. Is at the apex
- D. Is above the base
Answer: Is lowest possible and rises on slight tilt
Explanation: A raised centre of gravity produces a restoring torque.
1680. The escape velocity from the Earth is approximately:
- A. 11.2 km/s
- B. 15 km/s
- C. 7.9 km/s
- D. 9.8 km/s
Answer: 11.2 km/s
Explanation: 7.9 km/s is the orbital velocity near the surface.
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