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2321. The Rajya Sabha can have a maximum of how many members as per the Constitution?
- A. 552
- B. 238
- C. 245
- D. 250
Answer: 250
Explanation: Article 80 provides for a maximum of 250 members in Rajya Sabha - 238 representing states/UTs and 12 nominated by the President.
2322. Which of the following gases is primarily responsible for the greenhouse effect leading to global warming?
- A. Nitrogen
- B. Oxygen
- C. Hydrogen
- D. Carbon dioxide
Answer: Carbon dioxide
Explanation: Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas responsible for global warming, followed by methane, nitrous oxide and others.
2323. Under the Indian Constitution, which body has the power to decide on disputes regarding the election of the President and Vice-President?
- A. Parliament
- B. Election Commission
- C. Supreme Court
- D. High Court
Answer: Supreme Court
Explanation: Article 71 states that all disputes regarding the election of the President and Vice-President are decided by the Supreme Court.
2324. Who was the first woman President of the Indian National Congress?
- A. Sarojini Naidu
- B. Annie Besant
- C. Nellie Sengupta
- D. Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit
Answer: Annie Besant
Explanation: Annie Besant became the first woman President of INC in 1917 (Calcutta session). Sarojini Naidu was the first Indian woman president in 1925.
2325. Which Indian city is known as the 'Manchester of India' due to its cotton textile industry?
- A. Ahmedabad
- B. Coimbatore
- C. Kanpur
- D. Surat
Answer: Ahmedabad
Explanation: Ahmedabad is known as the 'Manchester of India' due to its historically dominant cotton textile industry, similar to Manchester in England.
2326. The Simon Commission, which visited India in 1928, faced widespread protests mainly because:
- A. It did not include any Indian member
- B. It supported the Rowlatt Act
- C. It recommended abolishing provincial legislatures
- D. It proposed partition of India
Answer: It did not include any Indian member
Explanation: The Simon Commission, set up to review the Government of India Act 1919, was boycotted because it had no Indian members, leading to 'Simon Go Back' protests.
2327. In the human digestive system, bile juice is produced by the liver and stored in the:
- A. Gall bladder
- B. Spleen
- C. Duodenum
- D. Pancreas
Answer: Gall bladder
Explanation: Bile is produced by the liver and stored/concentrated in the gall bladder, then released into the duodenum to aid fat digestion.
2328. The National Food Security Act, 2013 covers up to what percentage of the rural population for subsidized foodgrains?
- A. 67%
- B. 50%
- C. 90%
- D. 75%
Answer: 75%
Explanation: The NFSA 2013 covers up to 75% of rural population and 50% of urban population (about 67% of total population) for subsidized foodgrains under PDS.
2329. Which of the following pairs of 'Important river-valley civilization and its location' is INCORRECTLY matched?
- A. Indus Valley civilization - Indus river valley
- B. Egyptian civilization - Nile river valley
- C. Mesopotamian civilization - Nile river valley
- D. Chinese civilization - Huang He river valley
Answer: Mesopotamian civilization - Nile river valley
Explanation: Mesopotamian civilization developed in the Tigris-Euphrates river valley, not the Nile valley which is associated with Egyptian civilization.
2330. The Battle of Buxar (1764) was fought between the British East India Company and a combined force of:
- A. Siraj-ud-Daulah and French forces
- B. Tipu Sultan and Nizam of Hyderabad
- C. Mir Qasim, Shuja-ud-Daula, and Shah Alam II
- D. Peshwa Baji Rao and Marathas
Answer: Mir Qasim, Shuja-ud-Daula, and Shah Alam II
Explanation: The Battle of Buxar was fought between the British under Hector Munro and the combined forces of Mir Qasim (Bengal), Shuja-ud-Daula (Awadh), and Mughal emperor Shah Alam II, resulting in a decisive British victory.
2331. Which Schedule of the Indian Constitution contains provisions for the administration of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes?
- A. Tenth Schedule
- B. Sixth Schedule
- C. Fifth Schedule
- D. Ninth Schedule
Answer: Fifth Schedule
Explanation: The Fifth Schedule deals with administration of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes in states other than Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram (covered by Sixth Schedule).
2332. The Narmada and Tapi rivers are unique among Indian peninsular rivers because they:
- A. Originate from glaciers
- B. Flow through rift valleys into the Arabian Sea
- C. Flow into the Bay of Bengal
- D. Form large deltas
Answer: Flow through rift valleys into the Arabian Sea
Explanation: Unlike most peninsular rivers that flow east into the Bay of Bengal, Narmada and Tapi flow west through rift valleys into the Arabian Sea, forming estuaries not deltas.
2333. Who among the following was the first Indian to become a member of the British Parliament?
- A. Surendranath Banerjee
- B. Dadabhai Naoroji
- C. W.C. Bonnerjee
- D. Pherozeshah Mehta
Answer: Dadabhai Naoroji
Explanation: Dadabhai Naoroji became the first Indian elected to the British House of Commons in 1892 from Finsbury Central, as a Liberal Party member.
2334. The Chilka Lake, India's largest brackish water lagoon, is located in which state?
- A. Andhra Pradesh
- B. West Bengal
- C. Odisha
- D. Tamil Nadu
Answer: Odisha
Explanation: Chilka Lake is located in Odisha, spanning Puri, Khurda and Ganjam districts, and is a Ramsar wetland site known for migratory birds.
2335. Which of the following is NOT a Directive Principle of State Policy under the Indian Constitution?
- A. Uniform Civil Code for citizens
- B. Right to freedom of speech
- C. Organisation of village panchayats
- D. Promotion of international peace
Answer: Right to freedom of speech
Explanation: Right to freedom of speech (Article 19) is a Fundamental Right, not a DPSP. Uniform Civil Code (Art 44), international peace (Art 51), and village panchayats (Art 40) are DPSPs.
2336. Who presided over the 1907 Surat session of the Indian National Congress, at which the Moderate-Extremist split took place?
- A. Dadabhai Naoroji
- B. Madan Mohan Malaviya
- C. Gopal Krishna Gokhale
- D. Rash Behari Ghosh
Answer: Rash Behari Ghosh
Explanation: Rash Behari Ghosh, the Moderates' nominee, presided over the 1907 Surat session; the Extremists led by Tilak opposed his election and the session broke up, splitting the Congress.
2337. Which river is known as the 'Sorrow of Bihar' due to its devastating floods?
- A. Gandak
- B. Son
- C. Kosi
- D. Ghaghara
Answer: Kosi
Explanation: The Kosi river, originating in Nepal, frequently changes course and causes devastating floods in Bihar, earning it the name 'Sorrow of Bihar'.
2338. The 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act (1976) added which of the following to the Preamble?
- A. Liberty and Equality
- B. Republic and Democratic
- C. Socialist, Secular, and Integrity
- D. Sovereign and Justice
Answer: Socialist, Secular, and Integrity
Explanation: The 42nd Amendment added 'Socialist', 'Secular' and 'Integrity' (unity and integrity of the nation) to the Preamble of the Constitution.
2339. Which Governor-General is associated with the Doctrine of Lapse?
- A. Lord Curzon
- B. Lord Dalhousie
- C. Lord Ripon
- D. Lord Canning
Answer: Lord Dalhousie
Explanation: Lord Dalhousie introduced the Doctrine of Lapse, under which princely states without a natural male heir were annexed to British India.
2340. The pH of human blood is normally maintained within which range?
- A. 6.0 to 6.5
- B. 6.5 to 6.9
- C. 8.0 to 8.5
- D. 7.35 to 7.45
Answer: 7.35 to 7.45
Explanation: Human blood pH is slightly alkaline, maintained between 7.35 and 7.45 through buffer systems like bicarbonate buffer.
2341. Which Indian state has the longest coastline?
- A. Gujarat
- B. Maharashtra
- C. Tamil Nadu
- D. Andhra Pradesh
Answer: Gujarat
Explanation: Gujarat has the longest coastline of any Indian state, along the Arabian Sea including the Gulf of Kutch and the Gulf of Khambhat.
2342. The 'Permanent Settlement' of land revenue in Bengal was introduced in 1793 by which Governor-General?
- A. William Bentinck
- B. Lord Wellesley
- C. Lord Cornwallis
- D. Warren Hastings
Answer: Lord Cornwallis
Explanation: Lord Cornwallis introduced the Permanent Settlement (Zamindari System) in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa in 1793, fixing land revenue permanently.
2343. Which Fundamental Right was described by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar as the 'heart and soul' of the Constitution?
- A. Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32)
- B. Right against Exploitation (Article 23)
- C. Right to Freedom (Article 19)
- D. Right to Equality (Article 14)
Answer: Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32)
Explanation: Ambedkar called Article 32, which allows citizens to directly approach the Supreme Court for enforcement of fundamental rights, the heart and soul of the Constitution.
2344. The Reserve Bank of India's Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) has how many members?
- A. Seven
- B. Five
- C. Six
- D. Four
Answer: Six
Explanation: The MPC has six members: three from RBI (including Governor as Chairperson) and three external members appointed by the Central Government.
2345. Which Mughal emperor introduced the Mansabdari system in its developed form?
- A. Akbar
- B. Jahangir
- C. Humayun
- D. Babur
Answer: Akbar
Explanation: Akbar developed the Mansabdari system to organize military and civil administration, ranking officials by zat and sawar numbers.
2346. The Tropic of Cancer does NOT pass through which of the following Indian states?
- A. Madhya Pradesh
- B. Gujarat
- C. Punjab
- D. West Bengal
Answer: Punjab
Explanation: The Tropic of Cancer passes through 8 Indian states: Gujarat, Rajasthan, MP, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura, and Mizoram. Punjab is not among them.
2347. The Harappan site of Lothal, known for its dockyard, is located in which present-day state?
- A. Punjab
- B. Gujarat
- C. Haryana
- D. Rajasthan
Answer: Gujarat
Explanation: Lothal, excavated by S.R. Rao, is in Bhal region of Gujarat and had an artificial dockyard indicating maritime trade.
2348. Which Article of the Indian Constitution empowers the President to promulgate Ordinances when Parliament is not in session?
- A. Article 352
- B. Article 356
- C. Article 213
- D. Article 123
Answer: Article 123
Explanation: Article 123 gives the President power to promulgate ordinances when Parliament is not in session; Article 213 gives similar power to Governors for states.
2349. The Yokohama Strategy for a Safer World, the first major global blueprint for disaster reduction, was adopted in 1994 as a mid-term review under which UN initiative?
- A. Hyogo Framework for Action
- B. International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (2000)
- C. International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (1990–1999)
- D. Millennium Development Goals
Answer: International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (1990–1999)
Explanation: The UN declared the 1990s the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR); its mid-term First World Conference at Yokohama (1994) adopted the Yokohama Strategy, later followed by Hyogo (2005) and Sendai (2015).
2350. Which amendment formally expanded the role of Civil Defence in India to include measures during a disaster, beyond protection against hostile attack?
- A. Home Guards (Amendment) Act, 2005
- B. Civil Defence (Amendment) Act, 1990
- C. Disaster Management (Amendment) Act, 2025
- D. Civil Defence (Amendment) Act, 2009
Answer: Civil Defence (Amendment) Act, 2009
Explanation: The Civil Defence Act, 1968 originally covered protection against hostile attack; the Civil Defence (Amendment) Act, 2009 widened the definition of civil defence to include disaster management.
2351. The Rashtriya Barh Ayog (National Flood Commission), which submitted its report in 1980, assessed India's flood-prone area at approximately how much?
- A. 25 million hectares
- B. 68 million hectares
- C. 12 million hectares
- D. 40 million hectares
Answer: 40 million hectares
Explanation: The Rashtriya Barh Ayog (set up in 1976) estimated the flood-prone area at about 40 million hectares, roughly 12% of India's geographical area — the figure still cited in the NDMP.
2352. Under IMD's classification of cyclonic disturbances, a system with maximum sustained winds of 64–89 knots is termed a:
- A. Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm
- B. Severe Cyclonic Storm
- C. Very Severe Cyclonic Storm
- D. Super Cyclonic Storm
Answer: Very Severe Cyclonic Storm
Explanation: IMD scale: Cyclonic Storm 34–47 kt, Severe Cyclonic Storm 48–63 kt, Very Severe Cyclonic Storm 64–89 kt, Extremely Severe 90–119 kt, and Super Cyclonic Storm 120 kt or more.
2353. As per IMD criteria for plains, a 'heat wave' is declared when the maximum temperature is at least 40°C and its departure from normal is at least how much?
- A. 3.5°C
- B. 2.5°C
- C. 6.5°C
- D. 4.5°C
Answer: 4.5°C
Explanation: IMD declares a heat wave when departure from normal is 4.5°C to 6.4°C and a severe heat wave at 6.5°C or more (with Tmax at least 40°C in plains). Independently, an actual Tmax of 45°C is a heat wave and 47°C a severe heat wave.
2354. Tropical cyclones over the North Indian Ocean are named from a list adopted in 2020 by the WMO/ESCAP Panel on Tropical Cyclones. How many member countries contributed, and how many names does the list contain?
- A. 10 countries; 120 names
- B. 13 countries; 169 names
- C. 13 countries; 130 names
- D. 8 countries; 64 names
Answer: 13 countries; 169 names
Explanation: Since the panel expanded to 13 members in 2018, each member contributed 13 names, giving 169 names in the 2020 list. The earlier 2004 list had 64 names from 8 countries. IMD's RSMC New Delhi assigns the names.
2355. Regarding the Subhash Chandra Bose Aapda Prabandhan Puraskar, which statement is correct?
- A. It is given by NIDM every five years
- B. It is announced on 23 January; an institution gets ₹51 lakh and an individual gets ₹5 lakh
- C. It is announced on 19 January; an institution gets ₹25 lakh
- D. It is announced on 13 October; only individuals are eligible
Answer: It is announced on 23 January; an institution gets ₹51 lakh and an individual gets ₹5 lakh
Explanation: The award is announced annually on 23 January, Netaji's birth anniversary. A winning institution receives a certificate and ₹51 lakh (to be used for disaster management activities), and an individual receives a certificate and ₹5 lakh.
2356. 'SACHET', the Integrated Alert System that pushes location-specific disaster alerts to mobile phones in India, is based on which standard and was developed by which organisation?
- A. Cell Broadcast Standard; BSNL
- B. Common Alerting Protocol (CAP); National Informatics Centre
- C. Global Positioning System; ISRO
- D. Common Alerting Protocol (CAP); Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT)
Answer: Common Alerting Protocol (CAP); Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT)
Explanation: SACHET is NDMA's CAP-based Integrated Alert System developed by C-DOT; it lets authorised agencies such as IMD, CWC and INCOIS issue geo-targeted alerts via SMS, apps and other channels.
2357. Under the Railway Accidents and Untoward Incidents (Compensation) Rules as amended with effect from 1 January 2017, what is the compensation payable for the death of a passenger?
- A. ₹10 lakh
- B. ₹5 lakh
- C. ₹4 lakh
- D. ₹8 lakh
Answer: ₹8 lakh
Explanation: The 2016 amendment to the compensation rules raised the compensation for death from ₹4 lakh to ₹8 lakh, effective 1 January 2017. Claims lie before the Railway Claims Tribunal under Sections 124/124A of the Railways Act.
2358. The Commission of Railway Safety, which conducts statutory inquiries into serious train accidents, functions under the administrative control of which ministry, and why?
- A. Ministry of Civil Aviation, to keep it independent of the Railway Board it oversees
- B. Ministry of Home Affairs, because it is the nodal disaster ministry
- C. Ministry of Law and Justice, because inquiries are quasi-judicial
- D. Ministry of Railways, because accidents are an operational matter
Answer: Ministry of Civil Aviation, to keep it independent of the Railway Board it oversees
Explanation: The CRS is placed under the Ministry of Civil Aviation so that the safety authority remains independent of the Railway Board and Ministry of Railways whose operations it inspects and whose accidents it investigates.
2359. Under the Railways Act, 1989, which section provides for an inquiry by the Commissioner of Railway Safety into a railway accident attended with loss of human life or grievous hurt?
- A. Section 114
- B. Section 124
- C. Section 145
- D. Section 113
Answer: Section 114
Explanation: Section 113 requires notice of a railway accident to be given; Section 114 provides for the inquiry by the Commissioner of Railway Safety; Section 124 deals with compensation for accidents.
2360. Under India's Incident Response System, the Demobilisation Unit, which plans the orderly release of resources after an incident, belongs to which Section?
- A. Logistics Section
- B. Operations Section
- C. Planning Section
- D. Command Staff
Answer: Planning Section
Explanation: The Planning Section has four units: Resource Unit, Situation Unit, Documentation Unit and Demobilisation Unit. The demobilisation plan is therefore prepared by Planning, though Logistics and Operations implement it.
2361. Under India's Incident Response System, the Operations Section contains the Response Branch, the Staging Area and which other branch — an addition suited to Indian conditions?
- A. Transportation Branch
- B. Finance Branch
- C. Communication Branch
- D. Medical Branch
Answer: Transportation Branch
Explanation: India's IRS places a Transportation Branch (road, rail, water and air operations) in the Operations Section, alongside the Response Branch and Staging Area. Communication and Medical units sit in the Logistics Section's Service Branch.
2362. Unlike the US Incident Command System, under the Incident Response System adopted by NDMA in India, the finance function is placed where?
- A. With the Command Staff under the Liaison Officer
- B. Within the Planning Section as a unit
- C. As the Finance Branch within the Logistics Section
- D. As a separate Finance/Administration Section reporting to the Incident Commander
Answer: As the Finance Branch within the Logistics Section
Explanation: India's IRS has three sections — Operations, Planning and Logistics. The Logistics Section has Service, Support and Finance Branches, so finance is a branch of Logistics rather than a separate section as in the US ICS.
2363. In 2002, the subject of disaster management (except drought, hailstorm and pest attack) was transferred to the Ministry of Home Affairs from which ministry?
- A. Ministry of Rural Development
- B. Ministry of Agriculture
- C. Ministry of Environment and Forests
- D. Cabinet Secretariat
Answer: Ministry of Agriculture
Explanation: Disaster management was historically handled by the Ministry of Agriculture because famine and drought relief were its concern; in 2002 it moved to MHA, while drought, hailstorm and pest attack stayed with Agriculture.
2364. The High Powered Committee on Disaster Management, constituted in August 1999 to prepare disaster management plans at national, state and district levels, was chaired by whom?
- A. N. Vinod Chandra Menon
- B. K.M. Singh
- C. M. Shashidhar Reddy
- D. J.C. Pant
Answer: J.C. Pant
Explanation: The High Powered Committee (HPC) of 1999 was chaired by J.C. Pant, former Union Agriculture Secretary; its 2001 report listed 31 disasters in five sub-groups. The other names were among the first members/Vice-Chairperson of NDMA.
2365. A dedicated Disaster Risk Reduction Working Group was created for the first time in the G20 under the presidency of which country?
- A. Japan (2019)
- B. Brazil (2024)
- C. India (2023)
- D. Indonesia (2022)
Answer: India (2023)
Explanation: The G20 Disaster Risk Reduction Working Group was established under India's G20 Presidency in 2023; its first meeting was held at Gandhinagar. Brazil continued it in 2024.
2366. Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced a 'Ten-Point Agenda' on disaster risk reduction at which event?
- A. G20 Leaders' Summit, New Delhi, 2023
- B. UN Climate Action Summit, New York, 2019
- C. Third UN World Conference on DRR, Sendai, 2015
- D. Asian Ministerial Conference on DRR, New Delhi, November 2016
Answer: Asian Ministerial Conference on DRR, New Delhi, November 2016
Explanation: The 10-point agenda was announced at the Asian Ministerial Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction (AMCDRR) hosted in New Delhi in November 2016, the first AMCDRR after Sendai. CDRI was launched at the 2019 UN Climate Action Summit.
2367. Unlike the other Sendai targets set for 2030, Target (e) — substantially increasing the number of countries with national and local disaster risk reduction strategies — carried which deadline?
- A. 2022
- B. 2025
- C. 2030
- D. 2020
Answer: 2020
Explanation: Sendai Target (e) set an earlier deadline of 2020 for countries to have national and local DRR strategies, since such strategies are a precondition for meeting the other targets by 2030.
2368. How many indicators were adopted to measure global progress on the seven targets of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction?
- A. 25
- B. 38
- C. 17
- D. 45
Answer: 38
Explanation: The UN General Assembly endorsed 38 indicators (recommended by an open-ended intergovernmental expert working group) to monitor the seven Sendai targets, reported through the Sendai Framework Monitor.
2369. 'Operation Dost', under which NDRF search-and-rescue teams were deployed abroad in February 2023, was India's response to an earthquake in which countries?
- A. Turkey and Syria
- B. Indonesia
- C. Afghanistan and Pakistan
- D. Nepal
Answer: Turkey and Syria
Explanation: Operation Dost was launched after the 6 February 2023 earthquakes in Turkey (Türkiye) and Syria; NDRF USAR teams worked in Turkey. India's 2015 Nepal earthquake response was 'Operation Maitri'.
2370. For additional central assistance from the National Disaster Response Fund after a severe disaster, which is the correct sequence of steps after the State submits its memorandum?
- A. Inter-Ministerial Central Team (IMCT) assessment → Inter-Ministerial Group chaired by Union Home Secretary → High Level Committee chaired by Union Home Minister
- B. NDMA assessment → NEC approval → Finance Ministry release
- C. Cabinet Secretary's NCMC review → Prime Minister's approval
- D. IMCT assessment → Finance Commission → Parliament
Answer: Inter-Ministerial Central Team (IMCT) assessment → Inter-Ministerial Group chaired by Union Home Secretary → High Level Committee chaired by Union Home Minister
Explanation: An IMCT visits and assesses damage; its report is examined by the Inter-Ministerial Group chaired by the Union Home Secretary; the High Level Committee chaired by the Union Home Minister then approves assistance from the NDRF.
2371. Under the MHA norms for assistance from SDRF/NDRF, what is the ex-gratia amount payable to the next of kin for each person who dies in a notified disaster?
- A. ₹2 lakh
- B. ₹5 lakh
- C. ₹4 lakh
- D. ₹1.5 lakh
Answer: ₹4 lakh
Explanation: The SDRF/NDRF items-and-norms provide ex-gratia of ₹4 lakh per deceased person (including persons involved in relief operations), a figure retained for the 2021-26 period.
2372. Which of the following is NOT one of the twelve disasters notified by the Centre as eligible for assistance from the SDRF/NDRF?
- A. Lightning
- B. Frost and cold wave
- C. Pest attack
- D. Cloudburst
Answer: Lightning
Explanation: The notified list is: cyclone, drought, earthquake, fire, flood, tsunami, hailstorm, landslide, avalanche, cloudburst, pest attack, and frost and cold wave. Lightning (like heat wave) is not on it; states cover it under the 10% state-specific window.
2373. Under MHA guidelines, up to what proportion of its annual SDRF allocation may a State spend on relief for 'state-specific' natural disasters that are not in the Centre's notified list?
- A. 50%
- B. 5%
- C. 25%
- D. 10%
Answer: 10%
Explanation: States may use up to 10% of the annual SDRF funds for immediate relief to victims of natural disasters they consider 'disasters' within the local context (e.g. lightning, heat wave) but which are not in the Centre's notified list.
2374. Within the 80% response component recommended by the 15th Finance Commission, the 'Recovery and Reconstruction' funding window accounts for what share of the total disaster risk management allocation?
- A. 20%
- B. 10%
- C. 30%
- D. 40%
Answer: 30%
Explanation: The 15th FC windows are: Response and Relief 40%, Recovery and Reconstruction 30%, Preparedness and Capacity Building 10% (together 80% response), and Mitigation 20%.
2375. Under the Fifteenth Finance Commission's framework, the National Disaster Risk Management Fund is split between the response fund (NDRF) and the mitigation fund (NDMF) in which ratio?
- A. 80 : 20
- B. 70 : 30
- C. 90 : 10
- D. 75 : 25
Answer: 80 : 20
Explanation: The 15th Finance Commission split the disaster risk management fund 80% for response (NDRF/SDRF) and 20% for mitigation (NDMF/SDMF); the same 80:20 split applies at the state level.
2376. Section 67 of the DM Act 2005 concerns which of the following?
- A. Directions to audio or audio-visual media to carry warnings or advisories about a threatening disaster situation
- B. Penalty for false warnings
- C. Prohibition of discrimination in relief
- D. Requisition of vehicles and premises for rescue operations
Answer: Directions to audio or audio-visual media to carry warnings or advisories about a threatening disaster situation
Explanation: Section 67 deals with direction to media for communication of warnings: on the recommendation of NDMA/SDMA/DDMA, the Government may direct any person in control of audio or audio-visual media to carry warnings or advisories. Requisition is Section 65, non-discrimination Section 61, and false warning Section 54.
2377. Section 19 of the DM Act 2005 empowers the SDMA to lay down guidelines for standards of relief in the State. What restriction does the proviso to this section impose?
- A. State standards shall in no case be less than the minimum standards in the NDMA guidelines
- B. State standards apply only to notified disasters
- C. State standards may not exceed those fixed by the NDMA
- D. State standards must be approved by the Finance Commission
Answer: State standards shall in no case be less than the minimum standards in the NDMA guidelines
Explanation: The proviso to Section 19 states that the State's standards of relief shall in no case be less than the minimum standards laid down by the National Authority under Section 12. States may go higher, never lower.
2378. Under Section 51 of the DM Act 2005, if obstruction of an officer or refusal to comply with a direction results in loss of lives or imminent danger thereof, the maximum imprisonment that may be imposed is:
- A. One year
- B. Two years
- C. Three years
- D. Five years
Answer: Two years
Explanation: The basic offence under Section 51 carries imprisonment up to one year, or fine, or both; where the obstruction or refusal results in loss of lives or imminent danger thereof, imprisonment may extend to two years.
2379. Under Section 6(3) of the DM Act 2005, the Chairperson of the NDMA may, in an emergency, exercise all or any of the powers of the National Authority subject to which condition?
- A. Ex post facto ratification by the National Authority
- B. Concurrence of the National Executive Committee within 24 hours
- C. Prior written approval of the Union Home Minister
- D. Approval of both Houses of Parliament
Answer: Ex post facto ratification by the National Authority
Explanation: Section 6(3) allows the NDMA Chairperson to exercise the Authority's powers in an emergency, but such exercise is subject to ex post facto ratification by the National Authority. Section 18(3) gives an identical power to the SDMA Chairperson.
2380. In a district having an elected District Council of an autonomous district under the Sixth Schedule, who is the co-chairperson of the District Disaster Management Authority under Section 25 of the DM Act 2005?
- A. The Chairperson of the Zila Parishad of the adjoining district
- B. The Chief Executive Member of the District Council of the autonomous district
- C. The Member of Parliament representing the district
- D. The Superintendent of Police of the district
Answer: The Chief Executive Member of the District Council of the autonomous district
Explanation: Normally the elected representative of the local authority is co-chairperson of the DDMA, but the proviso to Section 25 makes the Chief Executive Member of the District Council of a Sixth-Schedule autonomous district the co-chairperson there.
2381. Under Section 14(2) of the DM Act 2005, apart from the Chief Minister as Chairperson and the Chairperson of the State Executive Committee (ex officio), how many other members at most may be nominated to the State Disaster Management Authority?
- A. Not exceeding nine
- B. Not exceeding ten
- C. Not exceeding seven
- D. Not exceeding eight
Answer: Not exceeding eight
Explanation: Section 14(2)(b) provides for other members, not exceeding eight, nominated by the Chairperson of the State Authority (the Chief Minister). 'Not exceeding nine' is the limit for NDMA members under Section 3.
2382. The Disaster Management Act, 2005 is numbered as which Act of that year, and on what date did it receive the assent of the President?
- A. Act No. 53 of 2005; 23 December 2005
- B. Act No. 35 of 2005; 23 June 2005
- C. Act No. 63 of 2005; 30 November 2005
- D. Act No. 53 of 2005; 26 December 2005
Answer: Act No. 53 of 2005; 23 December 2005
Explanation: The Disaster Management Act is Act No. 53 of 2005 and received Presidential assent on 23 December 2005. 26 December is the date of the 2004 tsunami, a common distractor.
2383. Which of the following best describes the distinction between 'structural mitigation measures' and 'non-structural mitigation measures' as applied to railway disaster risk reduction?
- A. Non-structural measures are illegal under the DM Act 2005
- B. Structural measures apply only to signalling software, never physical infrastructure
- C. Structural measures involve physical/engineering interventions (bridge strengthening, retrofitting), while non-structural measures involve policies, training, early-warning systems and regulations
- D. Both terms refer to identical engineering-only interventions
Answer: Structural measures involve physical/engineering interventions (bridge strengthening, retrofitting), while non-structural measures involve policies, training, early-warning systems and regulations
Explanation: Structural mitigation involves physical engineering interventions (bridge retrofitting, track strengthening), while non-structural mitigation involves policies, training, early-warning systems, land-use regulation and institutional capacity building.
2384. Which of the following best describes the real purpose of maintaining a 'Disaster Management Information System (DMIS)' database at national level in India?
- A. To serve only as an archive with no real-time functionality whatsoever
- B. To replace the statutory National Plan under the DM Act entirely
- C. To restrict disaster information exclusively to classified military use
- D. To consolidate real-time and historical disaster data, resource inventories and response status for informed decision-making across all levels of government
Answer: To consolidate real-time and historical disaster data, resource inventories and response status for informed decision-making across all levels of government
Explanation: DMIS consolidates real-time and historical disaster data, resource inventories (like IDRN) and response status across agencies, supporting evidence-based decision-making at national, state and district levels.
2385. Which of the following correctly describes the role of 'Ultrasonic Flaw Detection (USFD)' testing in railway disaster prevention?
- A. It is used exclusively to test the strength of railway bridges, not rails
- B. It measures only the ambient temperature of the rail track
- C. It detects internal rail fractures/defects not visible to the naked eye, enabling preventive replacement before a rail failure causes derailment
- D. It replaces the need for any manual track patrolling entirely
Answer: It detects internal rail fractures/defects not visible to the naked eye, enabling preventive replacement before a rail failure causes derailment
Explanation: USFD testing uses ultrasonic waves to detect internal rail defects/fractures invisible to visual inspection, enabling preventive rail replacement before failure causes a derailment — a key technical disaster-prevention measure.
2386. Which of the following best explains why 'Kavach' (Train Collision Avoidance System) is specifically classified as a disaster PREVENTION measure rather than a response measure?
- A. It only sends alerts after a collision has already happened
- B. It automatically applies brakes to prevent a collision/overspeeding before it occurs, stopping the disaster event itself rather than managing its aftermath
- C. It is used solely for post-accident relief coordination
- D. It functions only as a passenger information display system
Answer: It automatically applies brakes to prevent a collision/overspeeding before it occurs, stopping the disaster event itself rather than managing its aftermath
Explanation: Kavach is a prevention/mitigation technology — it automatically applies brakes to avert collisions and overspeeding before they occur, stopping the disaster event rather than managing post-event response.
2387. Which of the following best captures the real significance of the 2023 Balasore triple-train collision inquiry's finding regarding the 'electronic interlocking' system?
- A. The inquiry found a signalling circuit alteration/error that misdirected a train onto a loop line with a stationary goods train, highlighting signalling-system integrity as critical to rail safety
- B. The inquiry concluded Kavach (TCAS) was active on that section and failed to prevent collision
- C. The inquiry found no technical cause and attributed it purely to passenger misconduct
- D. The inquiry attributed the collision entirely to flooding of the track
Answer: The inquiry found a signalling circuit alteration/error that misdirected a train onto a loop line with a stationary goods train, highlighting signalling-system integrity as critical to rail safety
Explanation: The CRS inquiry into the June 2023 Balasore collision found a signalling circuit alteration/error that routed the Coromandel Express onto a loop line occupied by a stationary goods train, underscoring the criticality of signalling-system integrity; Kavach was not operational on that section at the time.
2388. Which of the following correctly describes the primary cause attributed to the November 2016 Pukhrayan (Kanpur Dehat) Indore-Patna Express derailment, India's deadliest rail accident in over a decade at the time?
- A. A deliberate act of railway staff sabotage confirmed by the inquiry
- B. A mid-air collision with another train on a different line
- C. A flash flood sweeping away the track bed
- D. A suspected rail fracture leading to derailment, prompting a wider review of track maintenance and ultrasonic rail-testing protocols
Answer: A suspected rail fracture leading to derailment, prompting a wider review of track maintenance and ultrasonic rail-testing protocols
Explanation: The Pukhrayan derailment near Kanpur was attributed to a suspected rail fracture, leading to major reviews of ultrasonic rail-testing and track maintenance protocols across Indian Railways.
2389. Which of the following statements about the 2017 Kuneru (Andhra Pradesh) train derailment, in which the Hirakhand Express derailed, is accurate regarding its primary cause as per the inquiry?
- A. It was caused entirely by a terrorist bomb planted on the track
- B. It was caused by a collision with a herd of elephants crossing the track
- C. The inquiry attributed the derailment primarily to a fractured rail (track defect), not a direct natural disaster trigger
- D. It occurred due to a cyclone-driven bridge washout
Answer: The inquiry attributed the derailment primarily to a fractured rail (track defect), not a direct natural disaster trigger
Explanation: The January 2017 Kuneru derailment of the Hirakhand Express was attributed by the inquiry primarily to a fractured rail (track maintenance/infrastructure defect), illustrating man-made/technical rather than natural-disaster causation.
2390. Which of the following best describes the purpose of 'shelf-life management' for medical and relief supplies stored in railway disaster-preparedness stockpiles?
- A. To comply with a requirement that applies only to food items, not medicines
- B. To maximise storage costs by never replacing any item
- C. To ensure stockpiled medicines/supplies are rotated and replaced before expiry, so they remain effective and safe when actually needed during an emergency
- D. To ensure only outdated supplies are used first regardless of safety
Answer: To ensure stockpiled medicines/supplies are rotated and replaced before expiry, so they remain effective and safe when actually needed during an emergency
Explanation: Shelf-life management ensures a rotating stock system (first-expiry-first-out) so medical/relief supplies in emergency stockpiles remain effective and safe when deployed, avoiding use of expired materials during a crisis.
2391. Which of the following best explains the real reason RPF's statutory powers of search, arrest and investigation under the Railways Act are more limited than those of GRP under the CrPC for general crimes committed on trains?
- A. GRP has been abolished and all powers now rest exclusively with RPF
- B. RPF has no legal powers whatsoever and acts purely as a security guard force
- C. RPF's primary statutory mandate under the Railways Act 1989 and RPF Act 1957 focuses on railway property protection and specific railway offences, while general law-and-order/IPC-BNS crime investigation remains with state police (GRP) under the CrPC/BNSS framework
- D. RPF's powers exceed GRP's in every respect including murder investigation
Answer: RPF's primary statutory mandate under the Railways Act 1989 and RPF Act 1957 focuses on railway property protection and specific railway offences, while general law-and-order/IPC-BNS crime investigation remains with state police (GRP) under the CrPC/BNSS framework
Explanation: RPF's statutory focus under the Railways Act 1989/RPF Act 1957 is railway property protection and specific railway offences, while general criminal law investigation (IPC/BNS offences like theft, assault, murder on trains) remains a state subject handled by GRP under CrPC/BNSS.
2392. Which of the following correctly identifies the Indian agency responsible for nationwide dissemination of early warnings through the Common Alerting Protocol (CAP)-based Integrated Alert System?
- A. Only the Election Commission of India
- B. Only the Reserve Bank of India
- C. National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), in coordination with telecom operators and broadcasters
- D. Only the Ministry of Railways
Answer: National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), in coordination with telecom operators and broadcasters
Explanation: NDMA operates the CAP-based Integrated Alert System, coordinating with telecom operators (via Cell Broadcast), All India Radio, Doordarshan and other channels to disseminate early warnings nationwide.
2393. Which of the following best describes why a railway bridge collapse during monsoon floods is classified under BOTH 'hydro-meteorological disaster' and 'rail/road accident' categories in India's disaster taxonomy?
- A. Because the triggering cause (flood) is natural/hydro-meteorological, while the resulting event (bridge/train collapse) is an accident requiring a distinct infrastructure-failure response track
- B. Because Indian law requires every disaster to be classified under exactly two categories without exception
- C. Because the Railway Board insists all incidents be dual-classified for insurance purposes only
- D. Because NDMA's classification system has no single-category option for any event
Answer: Because the triggering cause (flood) is natural/hydro-meteorological, while the resulting event (bridge/train collapse) is an accident requiring a distinct infrastructure-failure response track
Explanation: Such events are often cross-classified because the root cause is a natural hydro-meteorological hazard (flood), while the resulting infrastructure failure (bridge/train collapse) triggers a distinct accident-type response protocol involving ART/ARMV and rescue teams.
2394. Which of the following correctly captures the primary distinction between the 'Relief Commissioner' at the state level and the 'District Magistrate' acting as DDMA Chairperson?
- A. The Relief Commissioner coordinates relief operations at the state level under SEC direction, while the District Magistrate exercises statutory DDMA powers specifically within their own district
- B. The District Magistrate's DDMA role applies nationally, not just in their district
- C. The Relief Commissioner has no role once the DM Act 2005 came into force
- D. Both hold identical statutory powers at all levels, state and district alike
Answer: The Relief Commissioner coordinates relief operations at the state level under SEC direction, while the District Magistrate exercises statutory DDMA powers specifically within their own district
Explanation: The Relief Commissioner typically coordinates state-level relief operations under SEC direction, while the District Magistrate exercises statutory DDMA Chairperson powers specifically within their own district under Section 25.
2395. Which of the following correctly describes the function of the 'India Disaster Resource Network (IDRN)' portal?
- A. A social media platform exclusively for disaster victims to share personal stories
- B. A database restricted solely to NDRF's own internal personnel records
- C. A payment gateway for disbursing relief funds to individuals
- D. A web-based inventory of equipment, skilled human resources and critical supplies available with various agencies/departments, searchable for rapid resource mobilisation during a disaster
Answer: A web-based inventory of equipment, skilled human resources and critical supplies available with various agencies/departments, searchable for rapid resource mobilisation during a disaster
Explanation: IDRN is a web-based, GIS-enabled national inventory of equipment, trained manpower and critical supplies across government/NGOs, enabling rapid identification and mobilisation of resources during a disaster.
2396. Which of the following best explains why NDRF teams are kept on 'forward deployment' or pre-positioned in vulnerable states ahead of the monsoon/cyclone season?
- A. Because NDRF cannot be transported by air once a disaster occurs
- B. To replace the need for any state-level SDRF
- C. To drastically reduce response time by having trained teams and equipment already close to likely disaster-affected areas before an event occurs
- D. To permanently relocate NDRF headquarters to coastal states
Answer: To drastically reduce response time by having trained teams and equipment already close to likely disaster-affected areas before an event occurs
Explanation: Forward deployment/pre-positioning of NDRF teams in vulnerable states ahead of cyclone/monsoon season drastically cuts response time, since teams and equipment are already near likely-affected areas.
2397. Which of the following is the most accurate description of the 'Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA)' methodology used in India after major disasters?
- A. A structured multi-sectoral assessment of damage, loss and recovery needs, often used to inform reconstruction financing and international assistance requests
- B. An assessment conducted only for railway accidents, not natural disasters
- C. A one-day visual inspection report with no sectoral breakdown
- D. A purely military exercise unrelated to civilian recovery planning
Answer: A structured multi-sectoral assessment of damage, loss and recovery needs, often used to inform reconstruction financing and international assistance requests
Explanation: PDNA is a structured, multi-sectoral methodology (jointly developed by UN, World Bank, EU) assessing damage, loss and recovery needs after a major disaster, used to guide reconstruction financing and resource mobilisation.
2398. Which of the following correctly describes the purpose of 'catastrophe bonds' as a disaster risk financing instrument that India has explored?
- A. They are government bonds with no connection to disaster risk whatsoever
- B. They guarantee full recovery of all private property losses automatically
- C. They are issued exclusively to foreign governments, never domestic investors
- D. They transfer specific catastrophic risk to capital market investors, who forgo principal/interest if a pre-defined disaster event occurs, providing rapid post-disaster liquidity
Answer: They transfer specific catastrophic risk to capital market investors, who forgo principal/interest if a pre-defined disaster event occurs, providing rapid post-disaster liquidity
Explanation: Catastrophe bonds transfer specific disaster risk to capital markets — investors forgo principal/interest if a predefined trigger event (e.g., major earthquake) occurs, giving the issuer rapid liquidity for disaster response.
2399. Which of the following best describes the purpose of maintaining 'redundant' or duplicate communication channels (wireless, satellite phone, landline) in railway disaster response?
- A. To comply with an international treaty requiring triplicate equipment
- B. To provide entertainment options for stranded passengers only
- C. To ensure command-and-control communication continues even if one channel (e.g., mobile towers) fails or is overloaded during the disaster
- D. To increase the telecom department's revenue through multiple billing
Answer: To ensure command-and-control communication continues even if one channel (e.g., mobile towers) fails or is overloaded during the disaster
Explanation: Redundant communication channels ensure that if one system (e.g., cellular network) fails due to infrastructure damage or overload during a disaster, command-and-control communication can continue via alternate means.
2400. Which of the following best describes the key difference between 'Hazard Mapping' and 'Vulnerability Assessment' for a railway section passing through a landslide-prone hill area?
- A. Both terms refer to exactly the same technical process with no distinction
- B. Hazard mapping is conducted only after a disaster occurs, never before
- C. Hazard mapping identifies where and how severely landslides may occur, while vulnerability assessment evaluates the railway's exposure, susceptibility and capacity to withstand that hazard
- D. Vulnerability assessment is concerned solely with financial insurance premiums
Answer: Hazard mapping identifies where and how severely landslides may occur, while vulnerability assessment evaluates the railway's exposure, susceptibility and capacity to withstand that hazard
Explanation: Hazard mapping identifies the spatial likelihood/severity of a hazard (e.g., landslide zones), while vulnerability assessment evaluates how exposed and susceptible the specific asset (railway track/infrastructure) is to that hazard.