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561. Operation Pawan (1987) was India's military operation in which country?
- A. Maldives
- B. Sri Lanka
- C. Bhutan
- D. Nepal
Answer: Sri Lanka
Explanation: The IPKF operation was against the LTTE in Jaffna.
562. Major Ramaswamy Parameswaran received the PVC for the Indian Peace Keeping Force operations in:
- A. Sri Lanka, 1987
- B. Maldives, 1988
- C. Congo, 1961
- D. Bangladesh, 1971
Answer: Sri Lanka, 1987
Explanation: He was awarded the PVC posthumously for Operation Pawan in Sri Lanka (1987).
563. Havildar Abdul Hamid received the PVC for destroying Pakistani Patton tanks in 1965 at:
- A. Haji Pir
- B. Chawinda
- C. Asal Uttar
- D. Dograi
Answer: Asal Uttar
Explanation: Abdul Hamid of 4 Grenadiers fought at Asal Uttar near Khem Karan.
564. Lieutenant Arun Khetarpal received the PVC for his tank action in 1971 at which battle?
- A. Battle of Dhaka
- B. Battle of Chhamb
- C. Battle of Longewala
- D. Battle of Basantar
Answer: Battle of Basantar
Explanation: He fought with Poona Horse at Basantar (Shakargarh sector) at age 21.
565. Which Param Vir Chakra recipient was killed in 1961 on UN peacekeeping duty in the Congo?
- A. Capt. Gurbachan Singh Salaria
- B. Maj. Shaitan Singh
- C. Subedar Joginder Singh
- D. Lt. Arun Khetarpal
Answer: Capt. Gurbachan Singh Salaria
Explanation: Captain Salaria of 3/1 Gorkha Rifles is the only PVC awarded for UN operations.
566. Who is the youngest Param Vir Chakra recipient, honoured for Tiger Hill in Kargil at age 19?
- A. Yogendra Singh Yadav
- B. Bana Singh
- C. Sanjay Kumar
- D. Manoj Kumar Pandey
Answer: Yogendra Singh Yadav
Explanation: Grenadier Yogendra Singh Yadav of 18 Grenadiers is the youngest living PVC awardee.
567. Who was the first Indian recipient of the Param Vir Chakra, awarded for the 1947 defence of Badgam?
- A. Major Somnath Sharma
- B. Lance Naik Karam Singh
- C. Naik Jadunath Singh
- D. Major Dhan Singh Thapa
Answer: Major Somnath Sharma
Explanation: Major Somnath Sharma of 4 Kumaon was the first PVC recipient (posthumous).
568. The headquarters of the International Atomic Energy Agency is in:
- A. Paris
- B. New York
- C. Vienna
- D. Geneva
Answer: Vienna
Explanation: IAEA and OPEC are both headquartered in Vienna.
569. The ICMR traces its origin to the Indian Research Fund Association formed in:
- A. 1947
- B. 1900
- C. 1932
- D. 1911
Answer: 1911
Explanation: The IRFA was set up in 1911 and renamed ICMR in 1949.
570. The Physical Research Laboratory, founded by Vikram Sarabhai in 1947, is located in:
- A. Ahmedabad
- B. Mumbai
- C. Bengaluru
- D. Thiruvananthapuram
Answer: Ahmedabad
Explanation: PRL, Ahmedabad, is often called the cradle of Indian space research.
571. The Forest Research Institute (est. 1906) is located at:
- A. Bhopal
- B. Coimbatore
- C. Dehradun
- D. Shimla
Answer: Dehradun
Explanation: FRI is at Dehradun, Uttarakhand, under ICFRE.
572. The Zoological Survey of India and Botanical Survey of India are both headquartered at:
- A. Dehradun
- B. Pune
- C. Kolkata
- D. New Delhi
Answer: Kolkata
Explanation: ZSI (1916) and BSI (1890) are headquartered in Kolkata.
573. The Indian Coast Guard was formally established under the Coast Guard Act in:
- A. 1965
- B. 1978
- C. 1985
- D. 1971
Answer: 1978
Explanation: The Coast Guard Act, 1978 gave it statutory status; it was set up on 1 February 1977 (Coast Guard Day).
574. Who is the Chairman of the 16th Finance Commission of India?
- A. Y.V. Reddy
- B. Arvind Panagariya
- C. Vijay Kelkar
- D. N.K. Singh
Answer: Arvind Panagariya
Explanation: Arvind Panagariya heads the 16th Finance Commission, which covers 2026-31.
575. The Unique Identification Authority of India's first Aadhaar number was issued in September 2010 at:
- A. Pune
- B. Wardha
- C. Tembhli, Nandurbar
- D. Lucknow
Answer: Tembhli, Nandurbar
Explanation: Ranjana Sonawane of Tembhli village received the first Aadhaar on 29 September 2010.
576. The Intelligence Bureau, one of the world's oldest intelligence agencies, was established in:
- A. 1857
- B. 1887
- C. 1920
- D. 1905
Answer: 1887
Explanation: The Central Special Branch was created in 1887, later becoming the Intelligence Bureau.
577. The Central Vigilance Commission was set up in 1964 on the recommendation of which committee?
- A. Santhanam Committee
- B. Hota Committee
- C. Administrative Reforms Commission
- D. Vohra Committee
Answer: Santhanam Committee
Explanation: The CVC was created via a 1964 executive resolution on the K. Santhanam Committee's advice; it got statutory status in 2003.
578. The Border Roads Organisation (BRO) was raised in 1960 under the Ministry of:
- A. Ministry of Road Transport
- B. Ministry of Home Affairs
- C. Ministry of Defence
- D. Ministry of External Affairs
Answer: Ministry of Defence
Explanation: BRO was formed on 7 May 1960 and now functions under the Ministry of Defence.
579. The Territorial Army was formally inaugurated in 1949; its Raising Day is observed on:
- A. 16 December
- B. 1 February
- C. 9 October
- D. 15 January
Answer: 9 October
Explanation: Territorial Army Raising Day is 9 October (1949).
580. Police Commemoration Day (21 October) honours the policemen killed in 1959 at:
- A. Tawang
- B. Hot Springs, Ladakh
- C. Galwan
- D. Nathu La
Answer: Hot Springs, Ladakh
Explanation: A CRPF patrol was ambushed by Chinese troops at Hot Springs in Ladakh on 21 October 1959.
581. The CISF was raised in 1969 and its Raising Day is observed on:
- A. 19 January
- B. 24 October
- C. 10 March
- D. 27 July
Answer: 10 March
Explanation: CISF Raising Day is 10 March; ITBP is 24 October, CRPF 27 July and NDRF 19 January.
582. Which Central Armed Police Force, raised on 1 December 1965, has the motto 'Jeevan Paryant Kartavya'?
- A. SSB
- B. CRPF
- C. CISF
- D. BSF
Answer: BSF
Explanation: The BSF was raised on 1 December 1965; its motto is 'Jeevan Paryant Kartavya'.
583. The Union Home Ministry's notified reference date for the population enumeration phase of Census 2027 (non-snowbound areas) is:
- A. 1 October 2026
- B. 1 March 2027
- C. 1 April 2027
- D. 1 January 2027
Answer: 1 March 2027
Explanation: The reference date is 00:00 hours of 1 March 2027 (1 October 2026 for snow-bound areas), with caste enumeration included.
584. The Census Commissioner and Registrar General of India for Census 2011 was:
- A. J.K. Banthia
- B. K.C. Sivaramakrishnan
- C. M. Vijayanunni
- D. C. Chandramouli
Answer: C. Chandramouli
Explanation: C. Chandramouli, IAS, held the post during the 2011 Census.
585. As per Census 2011, the male literacy rate and female literacy rate of India were respectively:
- A. 82.14% and 65.46%
- B. 84.7% and 68.0%
- C. 78.3% and 60.1%
- D. 80.9% and 62.3%
Answer: 82.14% and 65.46%
Explanation: Overall literacy was 74.04%, male 82.14% and female 65.46%.
586. As per Census 2011, the share of Hindus in India's population was about:
- A. 84.1%
- B. 79.8%
- C. 82.5%
- D. 76.0%
Answer: 79.8%
Explanation: Hindus 79.8%, Muslims 14.2%, Christians 2.3%, Sikhs 1.7%.
587. India's decadal population growth rate between 2001 and 2011 was:
- A. 15.20%
- B. 19.80%
- C. 21.54%
- D. 17.64%
Answer: 17.64%
Explanation: It fell to 17.64% from 21.54% in 1991-2001.
588. As per Census 2011, which state had the highest urban population percentage (excluding UTs)?
- A. Goa
- B. Tamil Nadu
- C. Maharashtra
- D. Gujarat
Answer: Goa
Explanation: Goa was about 62.2% urban; Himachal Pradesh was the least urbanised (about 10%).
589. Which state had the highest proportion of Scheduled Tribe population in Census 2011?
- A. Meghalaya
- B. Mizoram
- C. Nagaland
- D. Arunachal Pradesh
Answer: Mizoram
Explanation: Mizoram had about 94.4% ST population (Lakshadweep, a UT, had 94.8%).
590. As per Census 2011, which state had the highest percentage of Scheduled Caste population?
- A. Uttar Pradesh
- B. West Bengal
- C. Himachal Pradesh
- D. Punjab
Answer: Punjab
Explanation: Punjab had about 31.9% SC population, the highest among states.
591. Which district recorded the highest literacy rate (about 97.9%) in Census 2011?
- A. Pathanamthitta
- B. Aizawl
- C. Ernakulam
- D. Serchhip
Answer: Serchhip
Explanation: Serchhip (Mizoram) topped district literacy in Census 2011.
592. Which district had the largest population in Census 2011?
- A. Bengaluru Urban
- B. Pune
- C. North 24 Parganas
- D. Thane
Answer: Thane
Explanation: Thane (Maharashtra) had about 1.10 crore people in 2011.
593. India's highest-ever FIFA men's ranking of 94 was achieved in which year?
- A. 1996
- B. 1990
- C. 2002
- D. 2011
Answer: 1996
Explanation: India reached 94th in February 1996.
594. At the Paris 2024 Paralympics, India won how many medals in total?
- A. 19
- B. 35
- C. 29
- D. 24
Answer: 29
Explanation: India won 29 medals (7 gold, 9 silver, 13 bronze), its best ever.
595. Devendra Jhajharia won Paralympic javelin golds in which two years?
- A. 2004 and 2016
- B. 2000 and 2008
- C. 2012 and 2020
- D. 2008 and 2012
Answer: 2004 and 2016
Explanation: He won golds at Athens 2004 and Rio 2016 (F46) and silver at Tokyo 2020.
596. Neeraj Chopra won the World Athletics Championships javelin gold in 2023 at:
- A. London
- B. Eugene
- C. Doha
- D. Budapest
Answer: Budapest
Explanation: He won gold with an 88.17 m throw at Budapest, Hungary.
597. Anju Bobby George's bronze at the 2003 World Athletics Championships in Paris was in:
- A. Heptathlon
- B. Triple jump
- C. High jump
- D. Long jump
Answer: Long jump
Explanation: She won long jump bronze, India's first World Championships athletics medal.
598. Which Indian tennis player reached the Wimbledon singles semifinals in 1960 and 1961?
- A. Ramanathan Krishnan
- B. Leander Paes
- C. Ramesh Krishnan
- D. Vijay Amritraj
Answer: Ramanathan Krishnan
Explanation: Ramanathan Krishnan lost in the semifinals in both years.
599. Who was the first Indian to win the All England Open Badminton title (1980)?
- A. Prakash Padukone
- B. Pullela Gopichand
- C. Syed Modi
- D. Kidambi Srikanth
Answer: Prakash Padukone
Explanation: Prakash Padukone won in 1980; Gopichand followed in 2001.
600. P.V. Sindhu became the first Indian to win the BWF World Championships gold in 2019 at:
- A. Nanjing
- B. Basel
- C. Jakarta
- D. Glasgow
Answer: Basel
Explanation: She beat Nozomi Okuhara in the final at Basel, Switzerland.
601. Nikhat Zareen won the World Boxing Championships gold in 2022 at Istanbul in which weight class?
- A. 60 kg
- B. 52 kg
- C. 48 kg
- D. 57 kg
Answer: 52 kg
Explanation: She won the 52 kg flyweight gold in May 2022.
602. At the 2024 Chess Olympiad in Budapest, India won:
- A. Gold in both open and women's sections
- B. Silver in both sections
- C. Only the women's section
- D. Only the open section
Answer: Gold in both open and women's sections
Explanation: India won both the open and women's team gold medals for the first time.
603. Who won the Women's World Cup chess title in 2025 and became a Grandmaster in the process?
- A. Harika Dronavalli
- B. Divya Deshmukh
- C. R. Vaishali
- D. Koneru Humpy
Answer: Divya Deshmukh
Explanation: Divya Deshmukh beat Koneru Humpy in the final and earned the GM title.
604. Which two teams contest cricket's Border-Gavaskar Trophy?
- A. India and Australia
- B. India and South Africa
- C. India and England
- D. India and Pakistan
Answer: India and Australia
Explanation: Named after Allan Border and Sunil Gavaskar, it began in 1996-97.
605. Which Indian Test captain led India to its first Test series win in England (1971)?
- A. Ajit Wadekar
- B. Bishan Singh Bedi
- C. Sunil Gavaskar
- D. Mansur Ali Khan Pataudi
Answer: Ajit Wadekar
Explanation: Ajit Wadekar's side won 1-0 in 1971, also beating West Indies in the Caribbean that year.
606. R. Ashwin retired from international cricket in December 2024 with how many Test wickets?
- A. 537
- B. 500
- C. 619
- D. 434
Answer: 537
Explanation: Ashwin finished with 537 Test wickets, second for India after Anil Kumble's 619.
607. India won its first ICC Women's ODI World Cup in 2025 under the captaincy of:
- A. Smriti Mandhana
- B. Harmanpreet Kaur
- C. Jhulan Goswami
- D. Mithali Raj
Answer: Harmanpreet Kaur
Explanation: Harmanpreet Kaur led India to the 2025 title, beating South Africa in the final at Navi Mumbai.
608. Which team did India defeat in the final of the 2025 ICC Champions Trophy in Dubai?
- A. South Africa
- B. Australia
- C. Pakistan
- D. New Zealand
Answer: New Zealand
Explanation: India beat New Zealand in the 9 March 2025 final, winning the trophy for a record third time.
609. Sachin Tendulkar became the first male batter to score an ODI double century (200*) in 2010 against:
- A. Australia
- B. Pakistan
- C. England
- D. South Africa
Answer: South Africa
Explanation: He scored 200* v South Africa at Gwalior on 24 February 2010.
610. Rohit Sharma's record ODI score of 264 was made against which team at Eden Gardens in 2014?
- A. Australia
- B. Sri Lanka
- C. South Africa
- D. West Indies
Answer: Sri Lanka
Explanation: He hit 264 against Sri Lanka on 13 November 2014, the highest individual ODI score.
611. Who scored India's first Test century, against England at Bombay Gymkhana in 1933?
- A. C.K. Nayudu
- B. Mushtaq Ali
- C. Lala Amarnath
- D. Vijay Merchant
Answer: Lala Amarnath
Explanation: Lala Amarnath scored 118 on debut at Bombay in December 1933.
612. Major Dhyan Chand won Olympic hockey golds with India at which three Games?
- A. 1928, 1936, 1948
- B. 1924, 1928, 1932
- C. 1932, 1936, 1948
- D. 1928, 1932, 1936
Answer: 1928, 1932, 1936
Explanation: Dhyan Chand won golds at Amsterdam 1928, Los Angeles 1932 and Berlin 1936.
613. How many medals did India win at the Paris 2024 Olympics?
- A. 4
- B. 5
- C. 6
- D. 7
Answer: 6
Explanation: India won 6 medals at Paris 2024 (1 silver, 5 bronze).
614. Aman Sehrawat won India's bronze at Paris 2024 in which wrestling category?
- A. 57 kg freestyle
- B. 61 kg freestyle
- C. 65 kg freestyle
- D. 74 kg freestyle
Answer: 57 kg freestyle
Explanation: Aman Sehrawat won bronze in men's 57 kg freestyle, India's only wrestling medal at Paris 2024.
615. Vinesh Phogat was disqualified from the Paris 2024 Olympic wrestling final for being overweight in which category?
- A. 62 kg
- B. 57 kg
- C. 50 kg
- D. 53 kg
Answer: 50 kg
Explanation: She was found about 100 g over the 50 kg limit on the morning of the final.
616. How many medals did India win at the Tokyo 2020 Olympics?
- A. 5
- B. 6
- C. 7
- D. 8
Answer: 7
Explanation: India won 7 medals: 1 gold (Neeraj Chopra), 2 silver and 4 bronze.
617. Sakshi Malik's bronze at Rio 2016 was in which freestyle wrestling weight category?
- A. 53 kg
- B. 63 kg
- C. 58 kg
- D. 48 kg
Answer: 58 kg
Explanation: Sakshi Malik won bronze in the women's 58 kg category, India's first medal at Rio 2016.
618. Which Indian shooter won the silver in the 25 m rapid fire pistol at London 2012?
- A. Ronjan Sodhi
- B. Gagan Narang
- C. Vijay Kumar
- D. Jitu Rai
Answer: Vijay Kumar
Explanation: Vijay Kumar won silver; Gagan Narang took bronze in 10 m air rifle at the same Games.
619. How many medals did India win at the London 2012 Olympics?
- A. 4
- B. 2
- C. 7
- D. 6
Answer: 6
Explanation: India won 6 medals (2 silver, 4 bronze) at London 2012 - its best until Tokyo 2020 (7).
620. Under the Right to Education Act, 2009 (in force from 1 April 2010), private unaided schools must reserve what share of entry-level seats for disadvantaged children?
- A. 33%
- B. 15%
- C. 10%
- D. 25%
Answer: 25%
Explanation: Section 12(1)(c) of the RTE Act mandates 25% reservation, linked to Article 21A.
621. Maithili Sharan Gupt, honoured as 'Rashtrakavi', published which patriotic poem in 1912?
- A. Yashodhara
- B. Panchavati
- C. Bharat-Bharati
- D. Saaket
Answer: Bharat-Bharati
Explanation: 'Bharat-Bharati' (1912) stirred national consciousness and led to his being called Rashtrakavi.
622. Salim Ali's 1941 popular work on ornithology was titled:
- A. Birds of Kutch
- B. Birds of Kerala
- C. The Book of Indian Birds
- D. Fall of a Sparrow
Answer: The Book of Indian Birds
Explanation: 'The Book of Indian Birds' (1941); 'Fall of a Sparrow' (1985) is his autobiography.
623. India's 2003 nuclear doctrine is based on which principle?
- A. First use against conventional attack
- B. Mutually assured destruction
- C. Credible minimum deterrence with no first use
- D. Flexible response
Answer: Credible minimum deterrence with no first use
Explanation: The 2003 doctrine adopted credible minimum deterrence and No First Use, with massive retaliation if attacked.
624. The codename of India's first nuclear test at Pokhran on 18 May 1974 was:
- A. Smiling Buddha
- B. Operation Shakti
- C. Operation Vijay
- D. Operation Trident
Answer: Smiling Buddha
Explanation: Pokhran-I was 'Smiling Buddha' (1974); Pokhran-II in May 1998 was 'Operation Shakti'.
625. Which Prime Minister resigned in January 1980 without ever facing a session of Parliament?
- A. Chandra Shekhar
- B. H.D. Deve Gowda
- C. V.P. Singh
- D. Charan Singh
Answer: Charan Singh
Explanation: Charan Singh (PM July 1979-January 1980) resigned before Parliament could meet, after Congress(I) withdrew support.
626. Rajiv Gandhi became Prime Minister on 31 October 1984 at the age of:
- A. 40 years
- B. 45 years
- C. 37 years
- D. 42 years
Answer: 40 years
Explanation: Born 20 August 1944, he was 40 years old, the youngest Prime Minister of India.
627. Which Prime Minister is the only person honoured with both the Bharat Ratna and Pakistan's Nishan-e-Pakistan?
- A. Charan Singh
- B. I.K. Gujral
- C. Atal Bihari Vajpayee
- D. Morarji Desai
Answer: Morarji Desai
Explanation: Morarji Desai received the Bharat Ratna (1991) and Nishan-e-Pakistan (1990).
628. Who was the first President of India born after Independence?
- A. Droupadi Murmu
- B. Pranab Mukherjee
- C. Pratibha Patil
- D. Ram Nath Kovind
Answer: Droupadi Murmu
Explanation: Droupadi Murmu (born 1958, Mayurbhanj, Odisha) became the 15th President on 25 July 2022, also the first tribal President.
629. Who was the first President of India to die in office?
- A. Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed
- B. Shankar Dayal Sharma
- C. Zakir Husain
- D. V.V. Giri
Answer: Zakir Husain
Explanation: Zakir Husain died in May 1969; Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed was the second to die in office (1977).
630. Tilak's Indian Home Rule League (April 1916) was launched at:
- A. Madras
- B. Bombay
- C. Belgaum
- D. Nagpur
Answer: Belgaum
Explanation: Tilak founded his League at Belgaum in April 1916; Annie Besant's followed at Madras in September 1916.
631. Vinoba Bhave began the Bhoodan Movement in 1951 from which village?
- A. Paunar
- B. Pochampally
- C. Sevagram
- D. Gagode
Answer: Pochampally
Explanation: The first land gift was received at Pochampally (then Andhra region, now Telangana) on 18 April 1951.
632. Bal Gangadhar Tilak wrote the 'Geeta Rahasya' while imprisoned in which jail?
- A. Yerwada Jail
- B. Ahmednagar Fort
- C. Cellular Jail
- D. Mandalay Jail
Answer: Mandalay Jail
Explanation: Tilak was transported to Mandalay (Burma) in 1908-14 and wrote Geeta Rahasya there.
633. Premchand's last, unfinished novel was:
- A. Karmabhoomi
- B. Godan
- C. Gaban
- D. Mangalsutra
Answer: Mangalsutra
Explanation: 'Mangalsutra' remained incomplete at his death in 1936; 'Godan' (1936) was his last completed novel.
634. Agyeya (S.H. Vatsyayan) received the 1978 Jnanpith Award for which collection?
- A. Shekhar: Ek Jivani
- B. Kitni Navon Mein Kitni Baar
- C. Hari Ghas Par Kshan Bhar
- D. Angan ke Par Dwar
Answer: Kitni Navon Mein Kitni Baar
Explanation: 'Kitni Navon Mein Kitni Baar' earned Agyeya the 1978 Jnanpith; 'Shekhar: Ek Jivani' is his famed psychological novel.
635. Amrita Pritam, the first woman Sahitya Akademi awardee (1956), received the Jnanpith Award in 1981 for:
- A. Pinjar
- B. Sunehade
- C. Rasidi Ticket
- D. Kagaz te Canvas
Answer: Kagaz te Canvas
Explanation: Kagaz te Canvas (1981 Jnanpith) is her poetry collection; Sunehade won her the 1956 Sahitya Akademi Award.
636. Ruskin Bond won the Sahitya Akademi Award (English) in 1993 for which work?
- A. Rusty, the Boy from the Hills
- B. Our Trees Still Grow in Dehra
- C. A Flight of Pigeons
- D. The Room on the Roof
Answer: Our Trees Still Grow in Dehra
Explanation: 'Our Trees Still Grow in Dehra' (a short-story collection) earned him the 1993 Sahitya Akademi Award.
637. The 2019 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences was shared by Abhijit Banerjee with:
- A. Esther Duflo and Michael Kremer
- B. Richard Thaler and Eugene Fama
- C. Amartya Sen and Angus Deaton
- D. Joseph Stiglitz and Paul Krugman
Answer: Esther Duflo and Michael Kremer
Explanation: Banerjee, Esther Duflo and Michael Kremer were honoured for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty.
638. Siddhartha Mukherjee won the 2011 Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction for which book?
- A. The Gene: An Intimate History
- B. The Laws of Medicine
- C. The Song of the Cell
- D. The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer
Answer: The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer
Explanation: 'The Emperor of All Maladies' (2010) won the 2011 Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction.
639. Operation Flood, the world's largest dairy development programme (launched 1970), was implemented by which body?
- A. National Dairy Development Board
- B. Food Corporation of India
- C. NABARD
- D. Indian Council of Agricultural Research
Answer: National Dairy Development Board
Explanation: Operation Flood (White Revolution) was run by the NDDB, set up at Anand, with Verghese Kurien as its architect.
640. Which 2024 Bharat Ratna awardee is widely known as the 'Father of the Green Revolution in India'?
- A. B.P. Pal
- B. M.S. Swaminathan
- C. Norman Borlaug
- D. Verghese Kurien
Answer: M.S. Swaminathan
Explanation: M.S. Swaminathan led the high-yielding wheat and rice varieties programme and received the Bharat Ratna (posthumously) in 2024.
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