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241. Operation Mahadev, in July 2025, resulted in the killing of the terrorists responsible for which event?
- A. Parliament attack 2001
- B. Pahalgam attack
- C. Gurdaspur attack
- D. Pulwama attack
Answer: Pahalgam attack
Explanation: Security forces killed three terrorists, including the alleged mastermind, in the Dachigam forest area near Srinagar on 28 July 2025.
242. The ceasefire between India and Pakistan after Operation Sindoor came into effect on:
- A. 15 May 2025
- B. 7 May 2025
- C. 10 May 2025
- D. 12 May 2025
Answer: 10 May 2025
Explanation: After DGMO-level contact, the understanding took effect at 1700 hrs IST on 10 May 2025.
243. Which missile system, jointly developed with Russia, was reported to have been used by India during Operation Sindoor?
- A. Agni-III
- B. Prithvi-II
- C. BrahMos
- D. Nirbhay
Answer: BrahMos
Explanation: BrahMos supersonic cruise missiles, along with SCALP missiles and Hammer bombs, were used in strikes on Pakistani air bases and terror sites.
244. Which two terror group headquarters in Pakistan's Punjab were among the 9 sites struck during Operation Sindoor?
- A. Jamaat-ud-Dawa at Karachi and Al-Qaeda at Multan
- B. Jaish-e-Mohammed at Bahawalpur and Lashkar-e-Taiba at Muridke
- C. Hizbul Mujahideen at Rawalpindi and Al-Badr at Lahore
- D. TTP at Peshawar and Haqqani Network at Quetta
Answer: Jaish-e-Mohammed at Bahawalpur and Lashkar-e-Taiba at Muridke
Explanation: India's precision strikes in the early hours of 7 May 2025 hit Jaish's Markaz Subhan Allah at Bahawalpur and Lashkar's Markaz Taiba at Muridke, among nine terror sites in Pakistan and PoK.
245. The 22 April 2025 terror attack that preceded Operation Sindoor took place at which tourist spot near Pahalgam?
- A. Aru Valley
- B. Chandanwari
- C. Betaab Valley
- D. Baisaran meadow
Answer: Baisaran meadow
Explanation: Terrorists killed 26 people, mostly tourists, at Baisaran meadow; The Resistance Front (TRF) initially claimed responsibility.
246. Sickle Cell Anaemia Elimination Mission, aiming to eliminate the disease by 2047, was launched in July 2023 from:
- A. Raipur, Chhattisgarh
- B. Koraput, Odisha
- C. Ranchi, Jharkhand
- D. Shahdol, Madhya Pradesh
Answer: Shahdol, Madhya Pradesh
Explanation: PM Modi launched the mission at Shahdol on 1 July 2023, targeting screening of 7 crore people aged 0-40 in tribal areas.
247. The 17th instalment of PM-KISAN, the first major decision of Modi 3.0, was released from which place in June 2024?
- A. Gorakhpur
- B. Varanasi
- C. Yavatmal
- D. Bhagalpur
Answer: Varanasi
Explanation: The PM released Rs 20,000 crore to about 9.26 crore farmers from Varanasi on 18 June 2024.
248. The MSP of common paddy for Kharif Marketing Season 2025-26 was fixed at:
- A. Rs 2,183 per quintal
- B. Rs 2,450 per quintal
- C. Rs 2,300 per quintal
- D. Rs 2,369 per quintal
Answer: Rs 2,369 per quintal
Explanation: A Rs 69 increase took common paddy MSP to Rs 2,369 in May 2025, from Rs 2,300 in 2024-25.
249. The Minimum Support Price (MSP) of wheat for the 2025-26 Rabi Marketing Season was fixed at:
- A. Rs 2,125 per quintal
- B. Rs 2,425 per quintal
- C. Rs 2,275 per quintal
- D. Rs 2,585 per quintal
Answer: Rs 2,425 per quintal
Explanation: The Cabinet raised wheat MSP by Rs 150 to Rs 2,425 in October 2024; it was Rs 2,275 for 2024-25.
250. The PM Dhan-Dhaanyaa Krishi Yojana approved in July 2025 will target how many agriculturally lagging districts?
- A. 50
- B. 150
- C. 200
- D. 100
Answer: 100
Explanation: The scheme, at about Rs 24,000 crore per year for six years, covers 100 districts with low productivity and credit.
251. Under PM-JANMAN, the number of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) covered across 18 States/UTs is:
- A. 62
- B. 75
- C. 106
- D. 45
Answer: 75
Explanation: PM-JANMAN, with Rs 24,104 crore outlay, covers 75 PVTGs in 22,544 villages.
252. The Dharti Aaba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan, approved in September 2024, is aimed at:
- A. Smart-city transport
- B. Marine fisheries
- C. Cooperative banking reform
- D. Saturation of tribal-majority villages with social infrastructure
Answer: Saturation of tribal-majority villages with social infrastructure
Explanation: The mission, with about Rs 79,156 crore outlay, covers about 63,000 villages benefiting over 5 crore tribal people.
253. Which scheme, announced in February 2024, targets 1 crore households with rooftop solar and offers up to 300 units of free electricity monthly?
- A. Saubhagya
- B. PM-KUSUM
- C. UJALA
- D. PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana
Answer: PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana
Explanation: PM Surya Ghar, launched on 13 February 2024 with an outlay of Rs 75,021 crore, gives CFA up to Rs 78,000 for a 3 kW system.
254. India achieved 50% of installed electric capacity from non-fossil sources in 2025. This was against the NDC target date of:
- A. 2047
- B. 2030
- C. 2040
- D. 2035
Answer: 2030
Explanation: India met its 2030 NDC target of 50% non-fossil installed capacity about five years early (around June 2025).
255. The 'Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam' campaign was launched on which occasion in 2024?
- A. Van Mahotsav (1 July)
- B. International Mother Earth Day (22 April)
- C. World Environment Day (5 June)
- D. Mother's Day (12 May)
Answer: World Environment Day (5 June)
Explanation: The campaign was launched on 5 June 2024 encouraging planting a tree in the name of one's mother.
256. The International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) was launched in April 2023 at which city, marking 50 years of Project Tiger?
- A. Dehradun
- B. Nagpur
- C. Bhopal
- D. Mysuru
Answer: Mysuru
Explanation: PM Modi launched IBCA in Mysuru on 9 April 2023 and released the tiger estimate showing about 3,682 tigers.
257. In World Bank's Logistics Performance Index 2023, India's rank improved to:
- A. 44th
- B. 38th
- C. 54th
- D. 35th
Answer: 38th
Explanation: India moved up six places to 38th among 139 countries, from 44th in 2018.
258. According to the 2024 World Press Freedom Index (RSF), India ranked:
- A. 161
- B. 150
- C. 159
- D. 151
Answer: 159
Explanation: India ranked 159 of 180 in 2024, from 161 in 2023, and 151 in 2025.
259. In NIRF 2024 (Overall category), which institution was ranked first for the sixth consecutive year?
- A. IIT Bombay
- B. IIT Madras
- C. IISc Bengaluru
- D. IIT Delhi
Answer: IIT Madras
Explanation: IIT Madras topped the Overall ranking since 2019; IISc Bengaluru was first in the Universities category.
260. Which two cities were jointly declared the cleanest in Swachh Survekshan 2023, one of them for the seventh consecutive time?
- A. Bhopal and Surat
- B. Indore and Navi Mumbai
- C. Chandigarh and Mysuru
- D. Indore and Surat
Answer: Indore and Surat
Explanation: Indore (seventh consecutive time) and Surat were jointly declared the cleanest cities in Swachh Survekshan 2023.
261. As per NITI Aayog's National Multidimensional Poverty Index discussion paper (July 2023), about how many people escaped multidimensional poverty between 2015-16 and 2019-21?
- A. 13.5 crore
- B. 5.5 crore
- C. 8 crore
- D. 24 crore
Answer: 13.5 crore
Explanation: The headcount ratio fell from 24.85% to 14.96%, lifting 13.5 crore people out of poverty.
262. NITI Aayog's SDG India Index 2023-24 (released July 2025) placed India's overall composite score at:
- A. 66
- B. 57
- C. 75
- D. 71
Answer: 71
Explanation: India's composite score rose from 57 (2018-19) to 71 in 2023-24; Kerala and Uttarakhand led states with 79.
263. In the Global Innovation Index 2025 (WIPO), India's rank was:
- A. 43rd
- B. 39th
- C. 38th
- D. 40th
Answer: 38th
Explanation: India ranked 38th in 2025, up from 39th in 2024 and 40th in 2023.
264. In the UNDP Human Development Report 2025 (reference year 2023), India's HDI rank was:
- A. 132
- B. 134
- C. 126
- D. 130
Answer: 130
Explanation: India ranked 130 of 193 countries, moving up from 133 the previous year; HDI value 0.685.
265. In the World Economic Forum's Global Gender Gap Report 2025, India ranked:
- A. 129th
- B. 135th
- C. 127th
- D. 131st
Answer: 131st
Explanation: India was 131st of 148 economies in 2025, after 129th in 2024 and 127th in 2023.
266. India's rank in the Global Hunger Index 2024 was:
- A. 111 out of 125
- B. 94 out of 121
- C. 102 out of 123
- D. 105 out of 127
Answer: 105 out of 127
Explanation: India ranked 105 of 127 in GHI 2024 (score 27.3, 'serious'); it was 111 of 125 in 2023.
267. Ajay Banga took over as the President of which institution in June 2023?
- A. World Bank Group
- B. New Development Bank
- C. Asian Development Bank
- D. IMF
Answer: World Bank Group
Explanation: Banga, a former Mastercard CEO, became the 14th World Bank President, the first Indian-American to head it.
268. B.V.R. Subrahmanyam became CEO of NITI Aayog in February 2023, succeeding:
- A. Suman Bery
- B. Amitabh Kant
- C. Parameswaran Iyer
- D. Rajiv Kumar
Answer: Parameswaran Iyer
Explanation: Subrahmanyam, a former Chhattisgarh cadre IAS officer, replaced Parameswaran Iyer, who went to the World Bank.
269. In February 2025, Shaktikanta Das, former RBI Governor, was appointed:
- A. Vice-Chairman of NITI Aayog
- B. Principal Secretary-2 to the Prime Minister
- C. Governor of Andhra Pradesh
- D. Chairman of Finance Commission
Answer: Principal Secretary-2 to the Prime Minister
Explanation: Das was named Principal Secretary-2 to PM Modi on 22 February 2025, with Cabinet-minister rank.
270. Who was India's 52nd Chief Justice before Justice Surya Kant became the 53rd CJI on 24 November 2025?
- A. Sanjiv Khanna
- B. B.R. Gavai
- C. U.U. Lalit
- D. D.Y. Chandrachud
Answer: B.R. Gavai
Explanation: B.R. Gavai served as CJI from 14 May to 23 November 2025; Sanjiv Khanna was the 51st.
271. Admiral Dinesh K. Tripathi took over as Chief of the Naval Staff on 30 April 2024, succeeding:
- A. Admiral Karambir Singh
- B. Admiral R. Hari Kumar
- C. Admiral Sunil Lanba
- D. Admiral Ajendra Bahadur Singh
Answer: Admiral R. Hari Kumar
Explanation: Tripathi, previously Vice Chief, succeeded Adm R. Hari Kumar, who retired on 30 April 2024.
272. Ratan Tata's successor as Chairman of Tata Trusts, appointed 11 October 2024, is:
- A. N. Chandrasekaran
- B. Cyrus Mistry
- C. Venu Srinivasan
- D. Noel Tata
Answer: Noel Tata
Explanation: Noel Naval Tata, half-brother of Ratan Tata, was appointed chairman of Sir Dorabji Tata Trust and Sir Ratan Tata Trust.
273. The Jnanpith Award 2024 (59th), announced in 2025, was conferred on which Hindi writer?
- A. Vinod Kumar Shukla
- B. Ashok Vajpeyi
- C. Kedarnath Singh
- D. Gulzar
Answer: Vinod Kumar Shukla
Explanation: Vinod Kumar Shukla of Chhattisgarh, known for 'Naukar ki Kameez' and 'Deewar Mein Ek Khidki Rehti Thi', received the 59th Jnanpith Award.
274. The 2023 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences went to Claudia Goldin for research on:
- A. Public goods theory
- B. Monetary policy credibility
- C. Women's labour market outcomes
- D. Microcredit
Answer: Women's labour market outcomes
Explanation: Goldin was the third woman to receive the Economics prize and the first to win it alone.
275. The 2024 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (Acemoglu, Johnson, Robinson) studied:
- A. How institutions shape prosperity
- B. Behavioural finance
- C. Matching markets
- D. Auction theory
Answer: How institutions shape prosperity
Explanation: They showed how colonial-era institutions explain differences in countries' prosperity.
276. Who won the 2025 Nobel Prize in Literature?
- A. Annie Ernaux
- B. László Krasznahorkai
- C. Jon Fosse
- D. Han Kang
Answer: László Krasznahorkai
Explanation: Hungarian novelist Krasznahorkai won in 2025; Jon Fosse (Norway) won in 2023 and Han Kang (South Korea) in 2024.
277. The 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Brunkow, Ramsdell, Sakaguchi) concerned:
- A. microRNA
- B. Genome sequencing of ancient hominins
- C. Peripheral immune tolerance (regulatory T cells)
- D. Circadian clocks
Answer: Peripheral immune tolerance (regulatory T cells)
Explanation: They identified regulatory T cells and the FOXP3 gene that stop the immune system from attacking the body.
278. The 2025 Nobel Prize in Physics (Clarke, Devoret, Martinis) recognised the discovery of:
- A. Macroscopic quantum tunnelling and energy quantisation in an electric circuit
- B. Gravitational lensing
- C. Neutrino oscillations
- D. Graphene
Answer: Macroscopic quantum tunnelling and energy quantisation in an electric circuit
Explanation: Their superconducting-circuit experiments showed quantum effects at a macroscopic scale, foundational to quantum computing.
279. The 2025 Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Kitagawa, Robson, Yaghi) was awarded for the development of:
- A. Lithium-ion batteries
- B. Metal-organic frameworks
- C. Quantum dots
- D. Directed evolution
Answer: Metal-organic frameworks
Explanation: MOFs are porous crystalline materials used for capturing gases, harvesting water and storing hydrogen.
280. The 2023 Nobel Prize in Chemistry honoured the discovery and synthesis of:
- A. Click chemistry
- B. Metal-organic frameworks
- C. Quantum dots
- D. Lithium-ion batteries
Answer: Quantum dots
Explanation: Moungi Bawendi, Louis Brus and Alexei Ekimov were recognised for quantum dots; MOFs won in 2025.
281. The 2023 Nobel Prize in Physics (Agostini, Krausz, L'Huillier) was for experimental methods generating:
- A. Quantum entanglement
- B. Attosecond pulses of light
- C. Gravitational waves
- D. Higgs bosons
Answer: Attosecond pulses of light
Explanation: They produced attosecond light pulses to study electron dynamics in atoms and molecules.
282. The 2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, awarded to Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman, recognised discoveries concerning:
- A. Discovery of hepatitis C virus
- B. Immune checkpoint inhibition
- C. CRISPR gene editing
- D. Nucleoside base modifications enabling effective mRNA vaccines
Answer: Nucleoside base modifications enabling effective mRNA vaccines
Explanation: Their work on nucleoside base modifications made mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 possible.
283. The 2023 Asia Cup, in which India beat Sri Lanka in the final at Colombo by 10 wickets, was played in which format?
- A. T20I
- B. ODI
- C. T10
- D. Test
Answer: ODI
Explanation: Sri Lanka were bowled out for 50 in 15.2 overs (Mohammed Siraj took 6/21) and India chased the target in 6.1 overs on 17 September 2023.
284. How many runs did captain Shubman Gill score in the first innings of the Edgbaston Test in July 2025, the highest Test score by an Indian in England?
- A. 269
- B. 201
- C. 234
- D. 254
Answer: 269
Explanation: Gill, India's captain, made 269 in the first innings at Edgbaston, the highest Test score by an Indian in England, and added 161 in the second.
285. Who won the 2025 Australian Open women's singles title, defeating Aryna Sabalenka in the final?
- A. Jessica Pegula
- B. Coco Gauff
- C. Iga Swiatek
- D. Madison Keys
Answer: Madison Keys
Explanation: Madison Keys won her maiden Grand Slam title in January 2025, 6-3, 2-6, 7-5.
286. Who won the 2025 Wimbledon women's singles title, winning the final 6-0, 6-0 over Amanda Anisimova?
- A. Iga Swiatek
- B. Coco Gauff
- C. Elena Rybakina
- D. Aryna Sabalenka
Answer: Iga Swiatek
Explanation: Swiatek won her first Wimbledon title with a 'double bagel', the first 6-0, 6-0 final there since 1911.
287. Who won the Wimbledon men's singles title in 2025, beating Carlos Alcaraz in the final?
- A. Jannik Sinner
- B. Novak Djokovic
- C. Alexander Zverev
- D. Daniil Medvedev
Answer: Jannik Sinner
Explanation: Sinner won his first Wimbledon title in July 2025, becoming the first Italian men's singles champion there.
288. Which country won the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup, co-hosted by Australia and New Zealand?
- A. Sweden
- B. England
- C. USA
- D. Spain
Answer: Spain
Explanation: Spain beat England 1-0 in Sydney on 20 August 2023, their first Women's World Cup title.
289. Spain won the Euro 2024 final in Berlin against which team?
- A. France
- B. Germany
- C. England
- D. Portugal
Answer: England
Explanation: Spain beat England 2-1 on 14 July 2024 for a record fourth European title.
290. Which team won the 2025 Club World Cup (FIFA) final, beating Paris Saint-Germain 3-0?
- A. Real Madrid
- B. Bayern Munich
- C. Manchester City
- D. Chelsea
Answer: Chelsea
Explanation: Chelsea won the expanded 32-team tournament in the USA at MetLife Stadium on 13 July 2025.
291. D. Gukesh won the 2024 Candidates Tournament in Toronto at what age, becoming the youngest challenger in history?
- A. 16
- B. 17
- C. 19
- D. 18
Answer: 17
Explanation: Gukesh won the April 2024 Candidates at 17 years, breaking Garry Kasparov's record as youngest challenger.
292. Who won the 2023 Chess World Cup final in Baku, defeating India's R. Praggnanandhaa?
- A. Magnus Carlsen
- B. Fabiano Caruana
- C. Hikaru Nakamura
- D. Ian Nepomniachtchi
Answer: Magnus Carlsen
Explanation: Carlsen won the tie-break after the classical games were drawn; Praggnanandhaa, aged 18, took silver and qualified for the Candidates.
293. Which team won the 2023 FIH Men's Hockey World Cup held at Bhubaneswar and Rourkela?
- A. Australia
- B. Netherlands
- C. Belgium
- D. Germany
Answer: Germany
Explanation: Germany beat Belgium in a penalty shootout in the January 2023 final; India finished ninth.
294. The 37th National Games (October-November 2023) were hosted for the first time by which state?
- A. Goa
- B. Uttarakhand
- C. Gujarat
- D. Kerala
Answer: Goa
Explanation: Goa hosted the National Games for the first time in 2023, after a gap since the 36th edition in Gujarat (2022).
295. Manu Bhaker's two Paris 2024 bronze medals came in the 10m air pistol women's event and which other event?
- A. 50m rifle 3 positions
- B. 10m air pistol mixed team (with Sarabjot Singh)
- C. Trap mixed team
- D. 25m pistol women
Answer: 10m air pistol mixed team (with Sarabjot Singh)
Explanation: She became the first Indian to win two medals at a single Olympics post-Independence; Swapnil Kusale won the 50m rifle 3 positions bronze.
296. Aman Sehrawat won Paris 2024 bronze in which event, becoming India's youngest Olympic medallist?
- A. Men's Greco-Roman 60 kg
- B. Men's freestyle 65 kg
- C. Men's freestyle 74 kg
- D. Men's freestyle 57 kg
Answer: Men's freestyle 57 kg
Explanation: Aman, aged 21, won the 57 kg freestyle bronze, India's only wrestling medal at Paris 2024.
297. India's men's hockey team won the Paris 2024 Olympic bronze by beating which team 2-1?
- A. Great Britain
- B. Netherlands
- C. Germany
- D. Spain
Answer: Spain
Explanation: India beat Spain 2-1 on 8 August 2024, winning back-to-back Olympic bronze; goalkeeper P.R. Sreejesh retired after the match.
298. Who was named Player of the Match in the 2023 ODI World Cup final at Ahmedabad?
- A. Travis Head
- B. Josh Hazlewood
- C. Pat Cummins
- D. Mitchell Starc
Answer: Travis Head
Explanation: Head made 137 as Australia chased 241 to win by six wickets and claim a sixth World Cup title.
299. Which batter scored an unbeaten 201 against Afghanistan in the 2023 ODI World Cup, the highest by a player in a World Cup chase?
- A. David Warner
- B. Travis Head
- C. Glenn Maxwell
- D. Mitchell Marsh
Answer: Glenn Maxwell
Explanation: Maxwell's 201* at the Wankhede on 7 November 2023 rescued Australia from 91/7 while chasing 292.
300. In the 2023 ODI World Cup semi-final at Wankhede against New Zealand, Virat Kohli scored his record-extending ODI century numbered:
- A. 50th
- B. 51st
- C. 49th
- D. 48th
Answer: 50th
Explanation: Kohli's 117 was his 50th ODI hundred, surpassing Sachin Tendulkar's 49; he finished the tournament with 765 runs, a World Cup record.
301. COP28 in Dubai operationalised which fund on its very first day in November 2023?
- A. Global Environment Facility
- B. Loss and Damage Fund
- C. Green Climate Fund
- D. Adaptation Fund
Answer: Loss and Damage Fund
Explanation: The decision to operationalise the Loss and Damage Fund, agreed at COP27 in Sharm el-Sheikh, was adopted on 30 November 2023 with initial pledges including the UAE's USD 100 million.
302. The Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) or 'High Seas Treaty' crossed the 60-ratification threshold in September 2025. It is formally an agreement under:
- A. MARPOL
- B. Convention on Biological Diversity
- C. UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
- D. Ramsar Convention
Answer: UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
Explanation: The BBNJ Agreement, adopted in June 2023, is an implementing agreement under UNCLOS and enters into force 120 days after the 60th ratification.
303. The WHO Pandemic Agreement was adopted by the World Health Assembly in May 2025 at which session?
- A. 75th
- B. 78th
- C. 76th
- D. 80th
Answer: 78th
Explanation: The 78th World Health Assembly adopted the agreement on 20 May 2025; the pathogen access and benefit-sharing annex was to be negotiated later.
304. In November 2024 the ICC issued arrest warrants for Benjamin Netanyahu, Yoav Gallant and which Hamas commander?
- A. Yahya Sinwar
- B. Mohammed Deif
- C. Ismail Haniyeh
- D. Khaled Meshaal
Answer: Mohammed Deif
Explanation: The warrants named Hamas military chief Mohammed Deif; Israel later said he had been killed.
305. The International Court of Justice in January 2024 issued provisional measures in a case brought against Israel by which country?
- A. Iran
- B. South Africa
- C. Egypt
- D. Turkey
Answer: South Africa
Explanation: South Africa filed in December 2023 invoking the Genocide Convention; the ICJ's 26 January 2024 order asked Israel to prevent acts of genocide.
306. The Assad regime in Syria collapsed on 8 December 2024 after an offensive led by which group?
- A. Syrian Kurdish YPG
- B. Hayat Tahrir al-Sham
- C. Hezbollah
- D. Islamic State
Answer: Hayat Tahrir al-Sham
Explanation: HTS, led by Ahmed al-Sharaa, took Damascus; Bashar al-Assad fled to Russia.
307. Which Iranian leader died in a helicopter crash in East Azerbaijan province on 19 May 2024?
- A. Ali Khamenei
- B. Hassan Rouhani
- C. Ebrahim Raisi
- D. Mohammad Javad Zarif
Answer: Ebrahim Raisi
Explanation: President Ebrahim Raisi and Foreign Minister Hossein Amir-Abdollahian died; Masoud Pezeshkian was elected in the July 2024 runoff.
308. Anura Kumara Dissanayake, elected Sri Lanka's President in September 2024, leads which party?
- A. Samagi Jana Balawegaya
- B. United National Party
- C. Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna
- D. Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (National People's Power)
Answer: Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (National People's Power)
Explanation: Dissanayake of the JVP-led NPP alliance won the first presidential election in which a second-preference count was needed.
309. Mohamed Muizzu, who won the September 2023 Maldives presidential election, campaigned on which platform?
- A. Adopting a Chinese currency
- B. Joining the Commonwealth
- C. 'India Out' (withdrawal of Indian military personnel)
- D. Merger with Sri Lanka
Answer: 'India Out' (withdrawal of Indian military personnel)
Explanation: Muizzu of the PNC/PPM alliance won on an 'India Out' campaign and took office on 17 November 2023.
310. Following the September 2025 Gen Z protests in Nepal, who was appointed interim Prime Minister, the country's first woman to hold the post?
- A. Bidya Devi Bhandari
- B. Sushila Karki
- C. Sher Bahadur Deuba
- D. Balendra Shah
Answer: Sushila Karki
Explanation: Former Chief Justice Sushila Karki was sworn in on 12 September 2025 after K.P. Sharma Oli resigned amid protests triggered by a social-media ban.
311. Who was named Bangladesh's Chief Adviser of the interim government on 8 August 2024 after Sheikh Hasina's resignation?
- A. Muhammad Yunus
- B. Tarique Rahman
- C. Khaleda Zia
- D. Salman F Rahman
Answer: Muhammad Yunus
Explanation: Nobel Peace laureate Muhammad Yunus (2006) was sworn in as Chief Adviser after the student-led uprising forced Hasina to leave on 5 August 2024.
312. Which Mauritius-related treaty was signed between the UK and Mauritius in May 2025 over the Chagos Archipelago?
- A. UK to cede sovereignty to Mauritius while leasing Diego Garcia
- B. Chagos to become an independent state
- C. UK and US to jointly govern Chagos
- D. Mauritius to cede Chagos to the UK permanently
Answer: UK to cede sovereignty to Mauritius while leasing Diego Garcia
Explanation: The 22 May 2025 treaty transfers sovereignty to Mauritius, with the UK retaining a long lease on the Diego Garcia military base.
313. Sanae Takaichi, chosen in October 2025, became Japan's first woman:
- A. Speaker of the House
- B. Prime Minister
- C. Chief Justice
- D. Governor of Bank of Japan
Answer: Prime Minister
Explanation: Takaichi became Japan's first woman Prime Minister after winning the LDP leadership, succeeding Shigeru Ishiba.
314. Claudia Sheinbaum, who took office on 1 October 2024, is the first woman President of:
- A. Peru
- B. Chile
- C. Colombia
- D. Mexico
Answer: Mexico
Explanation: Sheinbaum, a climate scientist and former Mexico City mayor, won the June 2024 election as the Morena candidate.
315. Who was elected President of Argentina in November 2023 on a libertarian platform?
- A. Alberto Fernandez
- B. Patricia Bullrich
- C. Javier Milei
- D. Sergio Massa
Answer: Javier Milei
Explanation: Javier Milei defeated Sergio Massa in the runoff on 19 November 2023 and took office on 10 December 2023.
316. Indonesia formally joined BRICS as a full member in:
- A. January 2025
- B. January 2024
- C. August 2023
- D. October 2024
Answer: January 2025
Explanation: Brazil, as 2025 chair, announced Indonesia's entry on 6 January 2025, after Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran and UAE had joined on 1 January 2024.
317. Who succeeded Jens Stoltenberg as NATO Secretary General in October 2024?
- A. Josep Borrell
- B. Mark Rutte
- C. Ursula von der Leyen
- D. Kaja Kallas
Answer: Mark Rutte
Explanation: Former Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte took office as NATO's 14th Secretary General on 1 October 2024.
318. Which country became the 32nd member of NATO in March 2024?
- A. Ukraine
- B. Sweden
- C. Finland
- D. Georgia
Answer: Sweden
Explanation: Sweden joined on 7 March 2024 after Finland (31st member) joined in April 2023.
319. In May 2024 India Ports Global Limited signed a 10-year contract to operate which terminal?
- A. Colombo West Container Terminal
- B. Shahid Beheshti terminal, Chabahar
- C. Hambantota terminal
- D. Sittwe terminal
Answer: Shahid Beheshti terminal, Chabahar
Explanation: IPGL signed the long-term contract with Iran's Ports and Maritime Organisation for the Shahid Beheshti terminal at Chabahar on 13 May 2024.
320. The India-EFTA Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement (TEPA), signed on 10 March 2024, commits EFTA to investment of how much in India over 15 years?
- A. USD 20 billion
- B. USD 100 billion
- C. USD 250 billion
- D. USD 50 billion
Answer: USD 100 billion
Explanation: EFTA (Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, Liechtenstein) pledged USD 100 billion in 15 years and one million direct jobs; the pact took effect on 1 October 2025.
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